Elizabeth Ann "Esther" Minter

William married Frances "Fanny" Walker Covington on 7 Oct 1817 in , Pittsylvania, Virginia, USA. Frances was born in Aug 1796 in , Pittsylvania, Virginia, USA; died on 22 May 1880 in , Henry, Virginia, USA. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Luther married Elizabeth "Betsy" Minter in 1795. Elizabeth was born on 10 May 1771 in , Henry, Virginia, USA; died in 1806 in , Henry, Virginia, USA. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

William married Elizabeth Fuqua on 21 Jan 1796 in , Campbell, Virginia, USA. Elizabeth was born in 1752 in , , Virginia, USA; died in , , Virginia, USA. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Peter married Elizabeth Malone. Elizabeth was born on 8 Jan 1729 in Stepney Parish, Somerset, Maryland, USA; died in 1819 in , Pittsylvania, Virginia, USA. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: 1750-1797, , Goochland, Virginia, USA

Notes:

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes (sometimes spelled Edict of Nantz) was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. The main concern was civil unity, and the Edict separated civil from religious unity, treated some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance. In offering general freedom of conscience to individuals, the edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bringces directly to the king. It marks the end of the religious wars that tore apart the population of France during the second half of the 16th century.

The Edict aimed primarily to end the long-running, disruptive French Wars of Religion. Henry IV also had personal reasons for supporting the Edict. Prior to assuming the throne in 1589 he had espoused Protestantism, and he remained sympathetic to the Protestant cause: he had converted to Catholicism only in 1593 in order to secure his position as king, supposedly saying "Paris is well worth a Mass". The Edict succeeded in restoring peace and internal unity to France, though it pleased neither party: Catholics rejected the apparent recognition of Protestantism as a permanent element in French society and still hoped to enforce religious uniformity, while Protestants aspired to parity with Catholics. "Toleration in France was a royal notion, and the religious settlement was dependent upon the continued support of the crown."

Re-establishing royal authority in France required internal peace, based on limited toleration enforced by the crown. Since royal troops could not be everywhere, Huguenots needed to be granted strictly circumscribed possibilities of self-defense.

The Edict of Nantes that Henry IV signed comprised four basic texts, including a principal text made up of 92 articles and largely based on unsuccessful peace treaties signed during the recent wars. The Edict also included 56 "particular" (secret) articles dealing with Protestant rights and obligations. For example, the French state guaranteed protection of French Protestants travelling abroad from the Inquisition. "This crucifies me," protested Pope Clement VIII, upon hearing of the Edict. The final two parts consisted of brevets (letters patent) which contained the military clauses and pastoral clauses. These two brevets were withdrawn in 1629 by Louis XIII, following a final religious civil war.

The two letters patent supplementing the Edict granted the Protestants places of safety (places de sûreté), which were military strongholds such as La Rochelle, in support of which the king paid 180,000 écus a year, along with a further 150 emergency forts (places de refuge), to be maintained at the Huguenots' own expense. Such an act of toleration was unusual in Western Europe, where standard practice forced subjects to follow the religion of their ruler — the application of the principle of cuius regio, eius religio.

While it granted certain privileges to Protestants, the edict reaffirmed Catholicism as the established religion of France. Protestants gained no exemption from paying the tithe and had to respect Catholic holidays and restrictions regarding marriage. The authorities limited Protestant freedom of worship to specified geographic areas. The Edict dealt only with Protestant and Catholic coexistence; it made no mention of Jews, or of Muslims, who were offered temporary asylum in France when the Moriscos were being expelled from Spain.

The original Act which promulgated the Edict, has disappeared. The Archives Nationales in Paris preserves only the text of a shorter document modified by concessions extracted from the King by the clergy and the Parlement of Paris, which delayed ten months, before finally signing and setting seals to the document in 1599. A copy of the first edict, sent for safekeeping to Protestant Geneva, survives. The provincial parlements resisted in their turn; the most recalcitrant, the parlement of Rouen, did not unreservedly register the Edict until 1609.

Revocation
The Edict remained in unaltered effect, registered by the parliaments as "fundamental and irrevocable law", with the exception of the brevets, which had been granted for a period of eight years, and were renewed by Henry in 1606 and in 1611 by Marie de Médecis, who confirmed the Edict within a week of the assassination of Henry, stilling Protestant fears of another St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. The subsidies had been reduced by degrees, as Henry gained more secure control of the nation.[9] By the peace of Montpellier in 1622, concluding a Huguenot revolt in Languedoc, the fortified Protestant towns were reduced to two, La Rochelle and Montauban. The brevets were entirely withdrawn in 1629, by Louis XIII, following the Siege of La Rochelle, in which Cardinal Richelieu blockaded the city for fourteen months.

During the remainder of Louis XIII's reign, and especially during the minority of Louis XIV, the implementation of the Edict varied year by year, voiced in declarations and orders, and in case decisions in the Council, fluctuating according to the tides of domestic politics and the relations of France with powers abroad.

In October 1685, Louis XIV, the grandson of Henry IV, renounced the Edict and declared Protestantism illegal with the Edict of Fontainebleau. This act, commonly called the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, had very damaging results for France. While the wars of religion did not re-ignite, many Protestants chose to leave France, most moving to Great Britain, Prussia, the Dutch Republic, Switzerland and the new French colonies in North America. Huguenots also settled in South Africa. This exodus deprived France of many of its most skilled and industrious individuals, who would from now on aid France's rivals in Holland and England. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes also further damaged the perception of Louis XIV abroad, making the Protestant nations bordering France even more hostile to his regime. Upon the revocation of the edict, Frederick Wilhelm issued the Edict of Potsdam, which encouraged Protestants to come to Brandenburg.

Naturalization of the French Huguenots - 1705
APRIL 18 TO MAY 12, 1705, Virginia

An Act for Naturalization of Claude Phillipe de Richebourg, Francis Ribot, Peter Fanure, John Joanny, James Champagne, and others.

Whereas Claude Phillipe de Richebourg, Francis Ribot, Peter Faure, John Joanny, James Champagne, and others, Born in France and Other Foreign Countrys, have made humble Suit to this General Assembly for Naturalization, and they having in Order thereto received the Oaths by Law Enjoyned,

Be it therefore Enacted by the Governor, Council, and Burgesses of this present General Assembly and the Authority thereof, And it is hereby enacted, That

Jacob Amonet
Andrew Aubry

James Belivet
Francis Bering
David Bernard
Daniel Blovet
Peter Bocard
John Peter Bondurand
John Bossard
Henry Bradonneau,
Moses Brok
James Brousse

Henry Cabany
Joseph Callot
John Calvert
John Cambel
Michel Cantepie
Jacob Capon
Paul Castige
Gedeon Chambon
James Champagne
Stephen Chastain
Peter Chataigmer
Peter Chatain
Joseph Chermeson
Francis Clapier
Philipe Claud
Andreas Cocke

John Francis Decoppet
Lewis de Fertre
Jean Delaune
Jacob Delony
John Delony
John Dep
Claude Phillipe de Richebourg
Theodore de Rosseaux
Paul de Vesaz
Daniel Duchemin
John Oger du Clos
Peter du Foy
Jeremiah du Mass
John du Pre
Thomas du Pre
Barthelemy Dupuy

John Farey
Daniel Fauire
Peter Fauire
Peter Fellon
Isaac Figuier
Jacob Flournois
Peter Fonjall
John Fonvielle
Francois Flournoy
Jaques Flournoy
John Forquerand

Isaac Gaudovin
Anthony Gevandon
John Gori
Peter Gori
John Guerant
John Guil
Joseph Guil
Stephen Guil

Simon Hungaute
Samuel Hungazel

John Imbert

John Joanny

Gaspard Korner
John Korneu

Jaimes Lacaze
Isaac Lafite
James Lagrand
Daniel Langlade
Isaac Le Febure
Rene Massomeau La Forie
Charles Lapierre
John Le Villam
Moses Livreau
John Lorange
Stephen Lovis
John Lucadon

Peter Macant
John Mallard
Peter Mallard
Stephen Mallet
John Mariott
John Martin
Peter Massaw
Anthony Matton
Gabriel Maupin
John Mazeres
Daniel Mebins
David Menetries
David Merveil
Abraham Michaux
Michel Michel
Abraham Minot
Francis Miromon
Timothy Morell
Peter Morissatt
Abraham Moulin
Joseph Mouluner

Mathieu Oger
Joseph Oliver
Lewis Orange

John Panetier
Isaac Parentos
John Parmentier
Jean Pasteur
Peter Peru
Joshua Petit
John James Phaisant
James Pinson
Francis Pommier
Peter Prevot

Anthony Rapine
Daniel Rebant
Abraham Remy
John Guy Rey
James Ribbeau
Francis Ribot
John Robert
John Roger,
John Rosset
James Roux
Timothy Rowx

Peter Sabbatier
Stephen Sarazen,
Francis Sassin
John Say
John Serjanton
Augustin Simon
Abraham Soblet
James Soblet
Peter Soblet
Gasper Sobrih
John Sollaegre
John Soville

Jean Thilbeaurt
John Thomas
Stephen Tourneir
Anthony Trabueq,

John Valton
Adam Vignes
Peter Vitte
John Voyer

Charles Waldenborg,

And every of them be, and are by vertue [sic] hereof, Capable of Free Traffick and tradeing, of Takeing up and Purchasing, Conveying, Devising, and Inheriting of Lands and Tenements, And from hemceforth be Declared, Deemed, and holden, And in all Construction of Law Stated, Vested, and Indulged with all Priviledges, Liberties, and Immunityes Whatsoever, relating to this Colony thatany Naturall Born Englishman is Capable of,

Provided always that this Act nor anything herein Contained shall be Construed to enable any of the persons aforenamed to hold, Execute, or Enjoy any Place, Office, Calling, or Employment prohibited by an Act of Parliament, made in the 7th and 8th Years of the Reign of his late Majesty, King William the third, Entituled An Act for preventing frauds and regulateing Abuses in the Plantation Trade, or by any other Statute of England.
______________________________

The Laws Of Virginia. Being A Supplement To Hening's The Statutes At Large 1700-1750, pages 39-41.

Virginia's Welcome for the Huguenots
This is part of a chapter of Colonial Men and Times, an out-of-print book which was written by Lillie DuPuy VanCullen Harper in 1915. The text is available at openlibrary.org*

The names of the boats of the French Refugees were: First, sailed from the Thames, England, in 1700, the “Mary Ann;”Second, the “Peter and Anthony.” Third boat, unknown and list lost in the Revolutionary War. Fourth boat, “The Nassau.” With Louis Latane, pastor. Each brought about two hundred. One hundred and thirty-three acres were given to each. The church, the parsonage, and the school house were built first, and a community of five hundred was organized.

By an Act of the Virginia Legislature in the year 1700, all those who had built houses near the town of Mannikin were formed into a district Parish, which received the name of King William’s Parish. Privileges and immunities were bestowed upon them to prevent them from dispersing and to induce them to remain united in the vicinity of Mannikin. They were exempted from all parochial contributions which weighed upon the English parishes. It was also declared they should be exempted from the general taxes of the province and from the private taxes of the county of Henrico. This was for seven years, but at the end of that time the Congress of Virginia renewed it.

Pierre married Judith LeFevre in 1718 in Manakin, Goochland, Virginia, USA. Judith (daughter of Isaac LeFevre and Magdeline Parenteau) was born in 1702 in Manakin, Goochland, Virginia, USA; died on 17 May 1785 in Nottoway, Amelia, Virginia, USA. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: 1782, , Amelia, Virginia, USA