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Matches 1,001 to 1,050 of 7,964

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1001 Ann Vass, daughter of John Vass married ? Brooks in 1753 [Essex Co., VA Will Book 10, pg 49] Vass, Ann (I22340)
 
1002 Anna Glad, died in 1631 in a marriage from about 1624 with hr. Christen Mule , vicar of Vågå. Mr. Christen Mule was the brother of the aforementioned Maria Bertel Daughter Mule. Glad, Anna Christophersdatter (I13683)
 
1003 Anna Hansdatter Svane was born at Ribe, the daughter of Hans Svaning and Marine Sørensdatter Stage. Her grandfather was historian Hans Svaning (ca. 1500- 1584) whose surname was subsequently altered to Svane. In 1590, she was married to the mayor of Horsens, burgher merchant Hans Olufsen Riber (d. 1615). The couple had seven children, two of whom died as infants. Her daughter Anne Svane (ca. 1596) was married to mayor of Horsens Ernst von Baden. One son Oluf Svane (ca. 1601) became mayor of Horsens. Her youngest son Hans Svane (1606-1668) would become Bishop of the Diocese of Zealand.

After the death of her spouse, she took over his business and managed his properties in Horsens. She became a leading member of the then growing wealthy Danish burgher class. During the sack of Jutland by German troops during the Thirty Years' War in 1627-29, she fled to her son Hans in Frisia.

In 1631, she founded a home for poor widows called Svaneboligen at Fugholm 16 in Horsens. The foundation was the first of its kind in Horsens and belonged to the first institutions of its kind in Denmark. Anna Svane died at Horsens in 1637 and was buried at Horsens Klosterkirke.

 		Svaning, Anna Hansdatter (I935)
 
1004 Anna Hansdatter Svaning
Danish Women's Biographical Encyclopedia: Anna Swan (- 1637) Swan, Anna His Daughter
† 1637, scholarship pins.
• Ribe, † 9.10.1637 in Horsens.

Parents: Royal. Historian, Archdeacon ? His Svaning (1503-84) and Marine Sørensdatter Stage (1539-1615).

~ 9.8.1590 with merchants, Mayor Hans Olufsøn Riber, * in Ribe, † 2.8.1615 in Horsens, p by Mayor Oluf Pedersen Staby and Else Svendsdatter Neb.

Children: Anne (ca. 1596), Oluf, Else (ca. 1601), ? Hans (1606), Donald.

AS grew up in a home as a result of his father's work must have been influenced by spiritual and intellectual pursuits. A good testimony of the home's special character is that almost all of her brothers had a university education and that her sisters were married to professors, priests, an alderman and a bailiff. AS was by all accounts one of the youngest in the large sibship of 15 In 1590, she entered in Ribe marriage with Hans Olufsøn Riber. She was probably pretty young when she was breaking. Those of her sisters, as we know both birth and death year for only 15 and 16 years of marriage, which incidentally was not unusual for girls from this social strata. This age was recommended also by Luther to prevent pre-marital sexual relations.

AS sat live in Horsens, where her husband was mayor. He had already for some years operated business acumen here, where his sister Anna was married to the city's second mayor. AS was the mayor's wife in her marriage samfulde 25 years. The couple had seven children, two of whom died in infancy. His daughter Anne was married to a later Mayor of Horsens Ernst von Baden. Son of Oluf was himself Mayor of Horsens, and daughter Else was married three times, all times with a priest, while his son Donald died young. Finally, AS the mother of the later renowned professor and bishop of Zealand, Hans Hansen S., who was one of the prominent men of stændermødet in 1660 prior to the introduction of absolute monarchy. AS was included in the network that in the aftermath of the Reformation consisted of the country's richest and most powerful citizens and educated clergy. She was part of a long chain of self-conscious Protestant mayor families. Her maternal grandparents and in-laws were borgmesterpar, her sister-mayor's wife, a sister married an alderman, and she herself was the mother of a Mayor's wife and a mayor. Girls as AS was attractive partners for clergy and large drugstores because they could read and write well-known environment and the tasks to be solved in a large household. Conversely gave these men's households scope to the talents, the girls through upbringing had been equipped with.

After her husband's death continued AS running business acumen and management of the couple's many properties in Jaipur. Since Jutland was occupied during the Imperial War 1627-29, she went away and stayed particular with his son Hans, who in 1628 studied at Franeker in Friesland. Upon her return she founded in caring for women who were far worse off than herself, in 1631 a house for three poor widows. The house is still called the Swan property is located in the street Fugholm. Widow Foundation was the first of its kind in Horsens and one of the first in Denmark. Also in other ways put themselves AS a memory. The Abbey Church of Horsens is one of the oldest epitaphs, and here she is the central person. The painting depicts her parents, spouse, AS themselves, their daughter and son in law who was borgmesterpar in Horsens, and her other children. The production of children shows that it must be painted before the 1614th The framework and parts of the inscription are younger. The idea of ??creation as well epitaph was no stranger to the AS. Her family in Ribe had previously donated money so that poor people could get a roof over your head, but she was the first who made a living solely designed for women. Also had several relatives charged setup epitaphs of Ribes churches. Her morfaders epitaph was created by painter Lauritz Andersen, who in 1600 moved from Ribe to Aarhus, where he was shop until his death in 1637. Indeed, he who has painted epitaph in the Abbey Church. With the epitaph which so clearly refers to Jaipur city's most prominent scholars of citizenship and its ancestors, marked AS and her family both their piety and their family history and self-consciousness.

Anna was born and raised in Ribe - who at the age of almost 17 years old, married with Horsens mayor Hans Olufsøn Riber - son of Oluf Staby, who was also Ripenser - and just as Anna was born in Ribe. They were married in Ribe cathedral in the 9th august in the year of our Lord 1595.

Hans Olufsøn Riber was a reputable and highly prosperous merchant in Horsens at 45 years old when he married Anne. That he was also mayor in more than 25 years in Horsens, probably has not been bad business, but he was a pious and honest grocer.

It was a happy marriage that lasted for 25 years minus one week of his death 7 days before they should have had their silver wedding. Together they had 5 children. Else, Anne, Oluf, Michael and Donald.

Anne Svane was a good and loving mother to her children. But she was also a "fighter" who knew how to take a hand in things when necessary. Evidence suggests that she was also skilled at the business level, after her husband's death she drove his business forward while she would secure the future of her 5 children.

2 of their sons became prominent figures in the Danish political scene, namely, the eldest son Oluf Svane and his brother - Roskilde bishop Hans Svane. On of them has our special interest - in the family context - is the later Horsens mayor Olufsen (Riber) Swan.

But first a little about the archbishop of Roskilde "Hans Svane", which indeed is a significant historical figure in the Danish context.

The background was Denmark's disastrous economic situation after the Swedish wars. The nobility had abandoned during the wars, and there was widespread resentment against them and their tax exemption.

By clever tactical games, including by Hans Svane and Hans Nansen, was outmaneuvered nobility and Frederick III elected hereditary monarch. Thus fell the fierce charter, he had to sign the 1648th

Hans Svane is probably best known for his involvement in the large stænderdermøde in 1660, and his struggle for the introduction of absolute monarchy and the abolition of the nobility's privileges. But he was also a wealthy man in particular, King borrowed some money, as this used include the war against Swedes.

So when King Frederik III, after the war, gave Roskilde Len citizens in Copenhagen - as thanks for their bravery in the war against the Swedes - forgot the king, however, that large parts of the county had pledged to Bishop Svane in Roskilde and Interest Master Müller.

Since these two mortgagees knew their rights, it led to tough negotiations which ended with Bishop Svane, 53 farms and 33 houses, Interest Master Müller had 42 houses, 8 mills and large forests. So it was a considerable fortune in real estate he had.

His daughter Anne Svane - 60 +

Kinch writes about "Anna had on 9th August 1590 wedding with Hans Olufsen Riber, Borger and later Mayor of Horsens and was the mother of the celebrated Bishop (Archbishop) Dr Hans Svane of Zealand Diocese, who played a leading part in Widow Violence Corey Introduction 1660 . "

Hans Olufsen Riber, who was the son of Olaf Staby in Ribe, had 2 sisters, of whom Else was married to Peter Lambertsen in Ribe, and Anne Anders Madsen, Mayor of Horsens.

Peder Hegelund noted in his almanac that "At night or early morning on 18th gave birth to Mary Swan's with a daughter." and it must have been Anne who was born on 18th October The 1573rd

This branch of the family settled in Horsens area.



Anna Swan (- 1637)

Swan, Anna His Daughter

† 1637, scholarship pins.
• Ribe, † 9.10.1637 in Horsens.

Parents: Royal. Historian, Archdeacon ? His Svaning (1503-84) and Marine Sørensdatter Stage (1539-1615).

~ 9.8.1590 with merchants, Mayor Hans Olufsøn Riber, * in Ribe, † 2.8.1615 in Horsens, p by Mayor Oluf Pedersen Staby and Else Svendsdatter Neb.

Children: Anne (ca. 1596), Oluf, Else (ca. 1601), ? Hans (1606), Donald.

AS grew up in a home as a result of his father's work must have been influenced by spiritual and intellectual pursuits. A good testimony of the home's special character is that almost all of her brothers had a university education and that her sisters were married to professors, priests, an alderman and a bailiff. AS was by all accounts one of the youngest in the large sibship of 15 In 1590, she entered in Ribe marriage with Hans Olufsøn Riber. She was probably pretty young when she was breaking. Those of her sisters, as we know both birth and death year for only 15 and 16 years of marriage, which incidentally was not unusual for girls from this social strata. This age was recommended also by Luther to prevent pre-marital sexual relations.

AS sat live in Horsens, where her husband was mayor. He had already for some years operated business acumen here, where his sister Anna was married to the city's second mayor. AS was the mayor's wife in her marriage samfulde 25 years. The couple had seven children, two of whom died in infancy. His daughter Anne was married to a later Mayor of Horsens Ernst von Baden. Son of Oluf was himself Mayor of Horsens, and daughter Else was married three times, all times with a priest, while his son Donald died young. Finally, AS the mother of the later renowned professor and bishop of Zealand, Hans Hansen S., who was one of the prominent men of stændermødet in 1660 prior to the introduction of absolute monarchy. AS was included in the network that in the aftermath of the Reformation consisted of the country's richest and most powerful citizens and educated clergy. She was part of a long chain of self-conscious Protestant mayor families. Her maternal grandparents and in-laws were borgmesterpar, her sister-mayor's wife, a sister married an alderman, and she herself was the mother of a Mayor's wife and a mayor. Girls as AS was attractive partners for the clergy and great merchants, because they could read and write well-known environment and the tasks to be solved in a large household. Conversely gave these men's households scope to the talents, the girls through upbringing had been equipped with.

After her husband's death continued AS running business acumen and management of the couple's many properties in Jaipur. Since Jutland was occupied during the Imperial War 1627-29, she went away and stayed particular with his son Hans, who in 1628 studied at Franeker in Friesland. Upon her return she founded in caring for women who were far worse off than herself, in 1631 a house for three poor widows. The house is still called the Swan property is located in the street Fugholm. Widow Foundation was the first of its kind in Horsens and one of the first in Denmark. Also in other ways put themselves AS a memory. The Abbey Church of Horsens is one of the oldest epitaphs, and here she is the central person. The painting depicts her parents, spouse, AS themselves, their daughter and son in law who was borgmesterpar in Horsens, and her other children. The production of children shows that it must be painted before the 1614th The framework and parts of the inscription are younger. The idea of ??creation as well epitaph was no stranger to the AS. Her family in Ribe had previously donated money so that poor people could get a roof over your head, but she was the first who made a living solely designed for women. Also had several relatives charged setup epitaphs of Ribes churches. Her morfaders epitaph was created by painter Lauritz Andersen, who in 1600 moved from Ribe to Aarhus, where he was shop until his death in 1637. Indeed, he who has painted epitaph in the Abbey Church. With the epitaph which so clearly refers to Jaipur city's most prominent scholars of citizenship and its ancestors, marked AS and her family both their piety and their family history and self-consciousness.

 		Svaning, Anna Hansdatter (I935)
 
1005 Anna Maria Margaretha Yoho was confirmed in 1729. Yoho, Anna Maria Margaretha (I22707)
 
1006 Anne Arundel Circuit of The Methodist Episcopal Church, Anne Arundel, Maryland. Family: Benedict Swinegate Calvert / Elizabeth Butler Calvert (F10829)
 
1007 Anne Chiles Ward - Sometimes known as Anna, Daughter of Henry Chiles from Amelia County. Sister to John, Henry, Paul, Elizabeth and Susanne Chiles.

The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Volume XX and Genealogies of Virginia Families Volume I.
Page 106 - Henry Chiles of Bedford County Will recorded November 27, 1758. Devisee was his sister Ann Ward and one of the executors was John Ward.
Page 740 - Paul Chiles Will recorded in Halifax County in 1761, Executors, his brother-in-law John Ward.

Genealogies of Virginia Families, Volume 1 Some notes regarding the Chiles Family.
Page 741 - Ann Chiles, sister of Henry, John and Paul Chiles, married Major John Ward, of the “The Mansion,” Campbell County, Va.
Page 743 - Henry Chiles of Amelia County Will recorded in 1746 devised to his daughter Anna 250 acres north side of Staunton river.

History of Pittsylvania County Virginia, by Maud Carter Clement Publisher J. P. Bell Co. 1929 Lynchburg , Va. USA.
Page 139 - William Ward was the son of Major John Ward and his wife Anne Chiles Ward, whose home, “The Mansion,” lay across Staunton River in Campbell County.

The Compendium of American Genealogy The Standard Genealogical Encyclopedia of the First Families of America Volume VII 1942 Baltimore Genealogical Publishing Company 1968.
Page 54 - Maj. John (d.1808) with his bro., Jeremiah resided in Albemarle Col, as early as 1753, built “Ward Mansion” Campbell Co. and Ward’s Road, running south from Lynchburg: m lst, ca. 1744, Anne Chiles.

Campbell Chronicles and Family Sketches by Ruth Hairston Early J.P. Bell Company, Lynchburg, Virginia.
Page 525 - John Ward married the beautiful Anne, daughter of Henry and Anne Harrelson-Chiles of Pittsylvania, Virginia.

Marriages of Some Virginia Residents 1607-1800 by Dorothy Ford Wulfeck
Page 168 - John Ward m (1) Anne Chiles Daughter of Henry Chiles (2) Sarah Clark Lynch on December 17, 1766.

Frontiers Along the Upper Roanoke River Chapter VII by Maud Carter Clement Frontiers along the upper Roanoke River, 1740-1776 : a story of first settlement 1964 J.P. Bell Company.
Page 64 - John Ward, who had married Anne, the daughter of Colonel Henry Chiles of King William County.
Page 65 - John and Ann Ward made their home south of the Roanoke River in Halifax County, near the mouth of Otter River, on land adjoining a brother, Paul Chiles, and their mother, Mrs. Anne Harrelson Chiles.
Page 66 - Mrs. Anne Chiles Ward was reared in eastern Virginia, where life was more gracious than on the frontier, and where the stores of the tobacco merchants were easily accessible, carrying newest London goods and fashions. She was a woman of great beauty, which is a cherished tradition among her descendants today. Her family of five sons and twin daughters, Anne and Agatha, was complete before she came into the Roanoke Valley, her youngest son, Henry, being a small child at the time. But like other members of her family, Anne’s life was tragically short, and she did not live to enjoy the handsome home which her husband built for her with so much care and thought. She was buried in the garden graveyard at River View, the home plantation of her brother Paul Chiles, who had died in 1761 and where her mother was also laid to rest. Anne Chiles descends from Walter Chiles, Sr., an early Virginia settler who arrived with his own ship and held several governmental positions in the colony. This branch of the Chiles family is listed among the First Families of Virginia. 		Chiles, Anne (I27029)
 
1008 Anne Christiane Gotfredine Hougland bodde 1865 i Ytre Holmedal, Dalsfjorden, Sogn og Fjordane
Kilde:
http://digitalarkivet.arkivverket.no/nn-no/ft/person/pf01038264001660 		Hougland, Anne Christiane Gotfredine (I39744)
 
1009 Anne Christiane Gotfredine Hougland født ca 1850 i Ytre Holmedal, Dalsfjorden, Sogn og Fjordane Hougland, Anne Christiane Gotfredine (I39744)
 
1010 Anne Elisabeth Jersin døde i Urnes, Luster? Jersin, Anne Elisabeth (I39648)
 
1011 Anne Elisabeth Jersin flyttet flyttet som enke til Urnes hos stedatteren Jersin, Anne Elisabeth (I39648)
 
1012 Anne Harboe Frimann Tuchsen døde 4. desember 1875 i Sveen, Bygstad, Sunnfjord, Sogn og Fjordane Tuchsen, Anne Harboe Frimann (I39632)
 
1013 Anne Sofie Heiberg døde 31. mai 1807 Leikanger prestegård, etterlot 5 barn Heiberg, Anne Sofie (I39527)
 
1014 Annetje Arians Adriaensen (de Cram) Annetje was born about 1643 in Amsterdam, Netherlands and her baptism took place on August 29th, 1645 in Oude Kerk of Amsterdam, Holland. Annetje's father was Jans Aerjan and her mother was Grietjen Jansen. Her paternal grandparents were Adrian Meertensen de Jongh and Maria. She was an only child. She died in 1717 in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. She was buried in Dutch Reformed Church Cemetery, Hurley, New York.
General Notes
Second Marriage: 1/11/1665

Annetje Adriansen (Anna Arians) died in Rhinebeck NY. Her firstmarriage was to Aert Peterse Tack, married 1660 in New Amsterdam, NY, NY. He deserted her and returned to Holland. Jacob Jansen Van Etten'swife was Annetje Gelvins, daughter of Adrian or Ari Gelvins, interpretation of old Dutch records by experts reveals. Her name waswritten in several ways, including Annetje Adrianstse Gelvins and Annetje Adrianse Kam.

Genealogists say her father's name, therefore was Adrianand his last name Gelvins or Kam. LDS Ancestral File: first marriage:Aert Peterse Tack and one other. Marriage 1660 in New Amsterdam, NY, NY. Father of Annetje is Adrian Onder Donk born about 1617 Brenda N.Brabant, Netherlands. Died 1655 in Kingston, Ulster, NY. Married aboutMay 1, 1641 in Kingston, Ulster, NY.

Father of Adrian is Cornelius OnderDonk and mother of Annetje is Gretjan Doughty born about 1625-26 and died1684 in Kingston, Ulster NY. Parents of Gretjan are Francis Doughty and Mrs., other husband Jan Lamberson, married about 1655 in Kingston, Ulster, NY.

R AERT PIETERSZEN BUYS VAN BEEST compiled by Emily Stowell

Aert Pietersen Tack was probably born ca. 1620 and definately in Etten, Barony of Breda, Brabant, The Netherlands, as is known from 'The Early Records of Albany, Notarial Papers' which recorded on 23 October 1660, a transaction where by he paid part of an inheritance from his grandfather Teunis Crynen to a Jan Hendrix van Bael, trader at Rensselaerswyck, at the same time empowering that man to collect the inheritance for him from his brother, Cornelis Pietersz Tack, dwelling in Etten. This document states that A.P. Tack was residing at that date in Rensselaerswyck, and he made his mark, indicating that he was illiterate.

His name first appears in the New Netherlands in 1637, when he is caled variously Aert Pietersz, 'Jongen' (the boy), or Ariaen Pietersz, 'Soldier', as he was apparently stationed with the small garrison at Fort Orange for about six years beginning in 1637...

On 4 March, 1649, Aert Pietersz defaulted when called to appear at court in Rensselaerswyck. He was summoned again on 8 July, 1649, at the instance on Domine Megapolensis and asked to state whether or not he was willing and intending to keep a promise to a certain Blanche Ael (called by the translator, 'the fair Alida.') 'Aert Pietersz promises to wed her at the first opportunity.' Since no church records for the early period in Albany have ever been found, there is nothing to indicate whether or not he kept this promise, but the whole history of this man indicated that he was a glib and charming rascal whose words were more convincing than his deeds.

On 13 June, 1659, (according to 'The Court Minutes Of Fort Orange, Vol. II') Andries Herbertsen appears in court to act as attorney for Aert Pietersen, plaintiff, demanding forty three whole beavers of Jochim Kettelheym, defendant, who admits the debt. Andries asked security before the man leaves, 'as Aert Pietersen intends, with God's help, to depart for the fatherland and will then know where he can get his money.' Jochim is given fourteen days to pay, his house being bound as security.

According to these same records, this case is continued the following year when Aert Pietersen sues Cornelis Teunesen on 8 September, 1660. On 14 Sept., 1660, in the case of Aert Pietersen versus Cornelis Teunesen Bosch, the plaintiff demands payment of nine beavers which the defendant had agreed to pay for Jochim Kettelheym. C.T. says, 'Get it from Jochim Kettelheym, If he fails to pay, I will stand surely.' A.P. tried to prove that C.T. Bosch had agreed to pay. On 28 Sept., the court orders C.T. to pay A.P.

This man in Renssalaerswyck in 1660 is clearly identified as Aert Pietersz Tack by the previously-mentioned notarial document in which he arranged to have his inheritance collected for him in Etten, Brabant. This also certified that he is also the A.P. Buys van Beest of the shipping records and of Harlem, as Buys is located in the Barony of Breda, Brabant, as is Etten. The man must have returned 'to fatherland' shortly after settling the suit and arranging for the collection of his inheritance, perhaps feeling he should expedite it in person.

The next record of him is that of his return aboard the 'Beaver' May 1661, with Wife and child. On this passenger list... his name is recorded as Aert Pietersen Buys van Beest and wife and son. The wife would be Annetje Adriaensen, the son Cornelis, who was baptized in Wiltwyck by Domine Hermannus Blom 14 August, 1661. Possibly he was born on the journey, although it is unclear whether the ship departed The Netherlands or arrived in New Netherlands in May. The baptismal record lists the father as Aart Pietersen Tack, the mother as Annetje Adriaensen.

It should be inserted at this point that Annet, the daughter of Aerjan Jans and Geertjen Jans was baptized in the Oude Kerk of Amsterdam in Holland on 29 August, 1645. Whether Aert had married her previous to his brief return to the fatherland or brought her over as a bride I cannot say for certain at this time, although an Arent Janssen, house carpenter and wife and daughter did come over in 1657 on the 'Draetvat'. If these were Annetje and her parents, her father died shortly afterwards, as her mother is married a few years later to Jan Lammertsen from Bremen. Annetje appears on the baptismal records as witness at the baptism of Eduart, son of Grietie Theunis and Jan Gerritsen at Fort Amsterdam's church shortly after their ship arrived. The mother was on the ship passenger list with them, but not the baby's father. Annetje appears also to have had a brother Dieck Adriaensen, who was killed 7 June, 1663, in the massacre at the New Village. Their relationship is indicated by numerous associations of the names in court and other records.

There was a great upsurge of emigration from the Netherlands to New Netherlands in the years 1658 through August, 1664, when the English took over the colony. There is considerable confusion resulting from the large numbers who went back and forth across the Atlantic as though it were a picnic rather than the ordeal it must have been, but the Dutch were a hearty, seafaring people. Also adding to the confusion is the fact that most of these families are associated with two or more places in the colonies rather than just one. Aert Pietersen Buys occurs on a list of names of 30 settlers in Harlem in 1661, although he is clearly the same man as the Aert Pietersen Tack on the 24 October excise tax list for the sum of six flornes as a property owner in Wiltwyck, the Esopus (Kingston area)...

... Lot #31 in the newly-laid-out village of Wiltwyck to be the property of Aert Pietersen Tack. His name appears on the excise tax list for the village of Wiltwyck on 24 October, 1661, showing him to be either less bibulous than most of his associates, or stingier with his numerous hired hands. As the village was forced to build up its defenses against the worsening threat of the Esopus Indians, he is also frequently mentioned in records of building of the 'curtains' and palisades, his house being situated on a corner lot at the edge of town against the barricade.

The village was granted a charter for local government and court in 1661, and the court records for the next three years include the name of Aert Pietersen Tack for too many times to detail all the cases involved. Although his first appearance in court is 14 February, 1662, as witness to a fight, his frequent subsequent involvements with court invariably concern debts, first to him and, increasingly, owed by him to others. In 1662, as creditors pressed him on all sides in Wiltwyck, he returned to the court of Rensselaerswyck to collect 81 schepels of oats owed to him there by Aert Jacobsen.

He does not appear in court, as do most of these patriarchs of fine old Dutch-American families, for brawling, drunkenness, name-calling or defiance of authority. Rather, from the first suit he brought on 28 February, 1662, to collect a payment of oats from Aert Jacobsen, through the many suits brought against him by others for unpaid debts or unfulfilled contracts, there emerges the picture of a man who easily charms others into making generous loans, obligingly promises to live up to his commitments, postpones the day or reckoning as long as possible, finally on 21 December, 1662, 'cons' the village rich man, Dr. van Imbrock, into loaning him a large sum with his next season's crop as security, then disappears, abandoning wife and family to reap this bitter and many-times-over-mortgaged harvest.

Reading between the lines, we can flesh out a man who returned from collecting his inheritance in the Netherlands, set up as a big-time operator, hired numerous laborers to till his new lands, won the respect and confidence of the community, all the while he had been borrowing to finance his wheeling and dealing. Workmen under contact with him ran away or sued for back wages, new creditors kept cropping up and, about the time he might have learned that another child was on the way, he mortgaged his next year's crop and quietly slipped from the scene.

Then began the long ordeal of his abandoned wife Annetje (or Anneke) Adriaens, as creditors began to summon her to court to answer for his debts. Whether she was pregnant at this time and bore a daughter in the summer will probably never be absolutely proven one way or another. What is known is that a child, Grietje, was baptized on 16 August, 1663, the parents being named in the church records as Aart Pietersen Tack and Grietjen Vooght! The witnesses were Jacob Jansen (that would be van Etten or 'the Brabanter', Aert's hired man) and Barber Andries, wife of Tierck Claesen de Witt.

What a trauma that entry has caused to genealogists down through more than three hundred years! They finally wore a hole in the document while poking into the old puzzle, obliterating the exact date, which had fortunately already been recorded in 'The History of the Kuykendall Family' by Dr. George Benson Kuykendall. 'The Mystery of Grietjan Vooght' appeared in the 'Ulster Genie' for March, 1978, proposing a logical explanation: 'The deserted mother, Annetje Adriaensen, was too distressed to present her daughter for baptism, which her mother Grietjan Jans did as guardian, and named her granddaughter after her.'

Quite possibly, but why do we find no other instances of similar usage in the records? Also, it should be noted that the Dutch word 'vooght' may be translated as guardian and the name Voocht or Vooght appears frequently in the records of both New Amsterdam and Wiltwyck. For example, see the Theunis Voocht named on the excise list in 1661 in Wiltwyck, and a man whose first name is Voocht had been on the records on New Amsterdam long enough to have had a daughter of marriageable age. This is not offered as proof that the child Grietje was not Annetje's own daughter, and their names continue linked through the records for many years thereafter, indicating such relationship. However the truth, it is Annetje who emerges as heroine of this story, whether for carrying on bravely in face of desertion during pregnancy, or as a remarkable woman who may have chosen to raise her husband's bastard as her own loved child. However it may have been, no credit reflects on her fly-by-night husband.

Annetje's troubles began almost immediately following Aert's disappearance around Christmas time. With the tension mounting with the Esophus Indians, it may be that they were at first thought to be responsible for his disappearance. Certainly, Annetje had plenty to be distressed about, and it showed quickly in her behavior. In late January of 1662 and through February, she as embroiled in an out of court in altercations with Hendrick Jochemsen and his wife. This man had come over on the Beaver with Aert and Annetje. She admitted accusing him of keeping false accounts and selling diluted brandy, but she hadn't liked his wife's calling her a 'whore'. 'I'll consider you to be a whore until you prove to me that I keep false books,' he retorted. At the next court session, it appears that he had sold her bricks, and she complained that there were four hundred too few. By March, Hendrick was demanding vindication, but the court, evenhanded in its Dutch justice, fined all concerned for using 'vile and nasty language in court,' the guildrs levied going to the fund for the poor.

There was a slight interruption in the suits brought against her by Aert's creditors, as the populace was forced to stop their customary bickering for a while by the terrible massacre that fell upon Wiltwyck and the New Village nearby (Horley), on 7 June, 1663. Apparently Annetje and her son escaped harm, but Jan du Parck was wounded in her house, and her brother Dirck Adriaensen was shot and killed on horseback as he tried to flee toward Wiltwyck with a warning from the New Village. Following the massacre and while the Esophus War with the Indians was still in progress, the child Grietje was born; to whichever woman, it must have been and ordeal for the abandoned young woman.

If we can presume Annetje's own baptism to have taken place shortly after her birth, she would been only sixteen when she came over with her middle-aged husband and infant son in 1661, much younger than usual in Dutch marriages of the time. Yet, she was already a businesswoman in her own right, as was fairly typical in Dutch culture of the period, which accorded women a more important role than any other culture until modern times. ... mentions Annetje Tacks as owner of a shop to illustrate the fact, and the Kingston Court Records bear this out. Although no details illuminate the nature of her business, the records do indicate that the business was her own, not her husband's.

All during the summer and fall of 1663, the villagers were cooped up within their palisades, forbidden by the village authorities to go to gather the harvest without military escort. Since there were not sufficient soldiers to provide adequate protection, and since survival during the coming winter depended upon the crops being garnered, many villagers defied this edict and suffered fines or even imprisonment as a consequence. At this period, Jacob Jansen de Lange (also called the Brabanter or Van Etten), one of Aert Pietersen Tack's several hired men, stood by the young woman by gathering the harvest for her, refusing to pay the fine, and going to jail for disobeying the ordinance.

Soon the court cases mounted again, more and more people suing Annetje for her husband's debts. These included his workmen, among them Jacob Jansen. Added to all the old debts were new ones for the harvest workers and the food she had to provide them during harvest season. What a blow it must have been to her when Dr. van Imbrock brought suit for the entire harvest. No wonder Jacob Jansen decided to get his bid for back wages in before all the fruits of his labors were dispensed to previous creditors Annetje probably had not been aware of.

At this point, Annetje, being ordered not to use any of the crops, told the doctor in court he could take everything if he would just take over paying her husband's debts as well. She, for her part, was prepared to leave Wiltwyck. It was at this same court session, 23 Oct., 1663, that Jacob Jansen de Lange defaulted for the third time and was fined 'in absentia' for breaking the ordinance. On 30 Oct., the Council of War and the Commissaries governing the village under martial law, ordered Jacob Jansen sent to jail. It is to Dr. van Imbrock's credit that he paid Jacob's fine to the Schout; perhaps he felt some obligation, since there would have been no harvest to secure his loan, had Jacob not gathered in defiance of the edict. Jacob was freed on November first.

In December, Albert Gerretsen demanded payment of 338 guilders from Annetje, and Provisional Schout Matheus Capito ordered her to pay. In late February, Dr. van Inbrock demanded the sale of Aert's horse 'Blackie' at Annetje's expense, the proceeds to be awarded him on Aert's debt. That same day, Paulus Cornelisen sued her for 241 guilders, 10 stuyvers in seewan and eight bevers.

In March of 1664, van Inbrock sued a Thomas Harmensen, who declared that he should collect the debt from Annetje Adriaens because she owed him for guarding her shop. It also appears that he had been helping with Aert Pietersen'd harvest, and that Annetje had not provided his board as required. In early April, Albert Gerretsen was back in court for payment noting that Aert's barn had been advertised for sale. Between him and the doctor, there seems to have been a tug-of-war to see which could squeeze a drop of blood from the poor turnip. When Jan Cornelisen van der Hyde put in a claim for Aert's horses in late June, he was told by the court that he must proceed according to law in the matter of settlement of the absent man's estate.

By this time, it had developed that A.P. Tack had debts to a prior creditor, Jan Barentsen Wemp, who seems to have lost his life shortly after the massacre. The widow, Maritie Meynders was held captive with one child by the Indians. After her release, she sent Jan Cornelisen van der Hyde and Paulus Cornelisen to act as her attorneys in May. At that point, Annetje had already petitioned the court commissary to inventory her husband's estate, 'he having absented himself and she wishing to pay his debts.' She subsequently petitioned to be relieved of the responsibility of paying her husband's debts, preferring that his property be taken over, appraised and sold by the courts, fair division of what spoils there were to be made by the court itself. She had an inventory made.

So matters stood when a stranger appeared in the village. The court convened in special session 10 July, 1664, to hear his suit. As successor to Jan Barentsen, he insisted that the latter's loans be Aert Pietersen proceeded all others and that he, therefore, had prior claim. Partly to protect the community's interest, but probably also because A.P. Tack still seemed to have the confidence and good will of his former neighbors, there was reluctance to proceed without giving the defector a chance to appear in person to defend himself.

However, the stranger, one Sweerus Teunissen, urged immediate sale of the estate; he pointed out that leaving horses, cattle and grain in the fields in those troubled times was a great rick to the creditors. It seems that some of the animals didn't even belong to Aert, but were had on a six-year loan only. He prevailed. The court appointed Evert Pels and Aert Jacobsen to appraise the grain and cattle in the fields and set July 14th as the date for eht sale or 'vendue'.

On that date, Thomas Chambers, one of the oldest and most highly regarded settlers, objected to the sale, insisting that he had not been present on the 10th to protest taking such a drastic step before Tack had been condemned by due process. Another extraordinary court session was held, but Sweerus' arguments of the risks involved again prevailed. The sale proceeded, but prices offered that day were deemed inadequate and the sale postponed until the true value could be realized.

Meanwhile, where was Aert Pietersen Tack? What had he been up to all this time? Bigamy, that's what! ... Aert must have sailed for fatherland again very soon after he mortgaged his future crop to Dr. van Inbrock in December, 1662. A brother Jan Pietersen Buys van Beest, sailed on the Rosetree in March, 1663 from Amsterdam to take up residence in New Harlem on Manhattan. Since the eastbound ships, riding the Gulf Stream via a northern route, often took less than half the time of those westbound, Aert might well have gotten home in time to speed his brother's departure. Perhaps he returned on the same ship serving on the crew, since his name is not among the passengers.

An 'Evert Tack from the Barony of Breda' is listed on the manifest of the Faith, outbound for New Netherland in January, 1664. At first it appeared that this might be our A.P. Tack, alias Buys van Beest but then another record cropped up to challenge this assumption. Riker, reporting the reaction of the citizens of New Harlem in the Summer and fall of 1663 to the news of the Esopus massacre, tells how they formed a militia to defend their village and even sent a small force to the Esopus to assist in the campaign to recover the hostages. They are Aert Pietersen Buys, Jan Pieterssen Buys and Cornelis Aerts Buys. Aert is listed as a private and owner of a musket. One may guess that he did not volunteer for the force sent to the Esopus

So, here is another conundrum. If Aert's son Cornelis Aerts Tack, baptized at Wiltwyck 14 August, 1661, is the son of his wife Annetje Adrians, as clearly indicated on the baptismal record, who is this Cornelis Aerts, old enough in 1663 to be a militiaman? Even then, Annetje was only about eighteen. Could Aert have had another son of the same name, perhaps the product of his seduction of 'the Balanche Aet' in Beverwyck in 1649? If so, the youth, at fourteen, would have been just old enough to shoulder a musket with the rest of New Harlem's defendants.

It is tempting to deduce that there were really two Aert Pietersen -- Tack of the Esopus and Buys of New Harlem, but there is far too much evidence to show they were one and the same man. If there were not so many other clues linking them together, the one document made by ' Aert Pietersen Tack' in Resselaerwyck 23 October, 1660, unequivocally identifies his as from Etten, the Barony of Breda in Brabant, grandson of Teunis Cryen, deceased in Etten, the Barony of Breda, Brabant, and brother of Cornelis Pietersz Tack, dwelling in Etten. Buys is definitely another place name in the Barony of Breda. Did Aert ever keep is promise to the court in Rensselaerwyck 'to marry "the Fair Alida" at his first opportunity'? Records of Manhattan continue through ensuing years to show a Cornelis Aerts Buys, while Cornelis Aerts Tack also can be traced in the Kingston area and occasionally in the Manhattan records.

Was the 'Evert Tack" who left Amsterdam for America in January 1664, our Aert returning from still another trip to fatherland or was he, perhaps, another brother? The name has so far not been located on other records. Did Aert Pietersen Tack bring his new wife back with him from Amsterdam? None is listed for 'Evert,' but the name following his on the ship manifest is that of 'Lysvet Arens, from Amsterdam, and child'. This woman is not identified as either 'maiden', 'wife', or'widow', as is usual for a woman with a child on these lists. However, any connection is pure conjecture.

We must return to Aert's deserted wife in Wiltwyck to pick up the thread of his story. Annetje seems to have lost no time after discovering what had become of her ne're-do-well mate. She was off at once to New Amsterdam to present her case to the colony's highest tribunal, bigamy being a charge far too serious to be left to adjudication by the Wiltwyck Court of Schout and Schepens. Director General Stuyvesant was away at Fort Orange at the time, so she took her petition to a court presided over in his absence by Nicasius de Sille. The translation of this courts record... follows:

"(August 21, 1664) Shews in all humility, Annetken Adriaens, having married one Aert Pietersen Tack, who has not hesitated to marry another woman at Amsterdam, in Holland, as has been shown more fully to your honors by petition and the affidavits attached thereto, for which reason the honorable fiscal, Nicasius de Sille, ex officio, has caused the said Aert Pietersen Tack to be summoned on three regular court days, the last time having been on Thursday last past, to appear on a suitable day before you honors to hear the marriage contracted between the petitioner and the aforesaid Aert Pietersen Tack declared dissolved and the petitioner placed in her former free state, in which matter the aforesaid Aert Pietersen Tack has until this day remained contumacious, having failed to appear to justify himself, therefore, the petitioner turns to your honors with the humble request that your honors may be pleased, for the reasons above mentioned, to declare the marriage contracted between the petitioner and the said Aert Pietersen Tack dissolved and the petitioner placed in her former free state and authorized to marry another man, with condemnation that Aert Pietersen 'Verte'(top lines on p. 292 destroyed)

your humble ( )

Endorsed:

Petition der Anneken Adrjans

contra Aert Pietersen Tack (one or two lines destroyed)

for which reason Anneke Adriaens, his lawful wife, has requested of your honors letters of divorce and permission to marry another person, whereupon, before consenting thereto, the fiscal was ordered on July 31st last to have the aforesaid Aert Pietersen Tack summoned three times by the ringing of the bell to appear in person to hear and to answer, if he can, such complaint and demand as the injured party and the fiscal as her attorney shall make, which summons not only was proclaimed by the beating of the drum in the village of New Haerlem, and whereas nevertheless Aert Pietersen Tack failed to appear and remains contumacious, finding himself unable to defend, justify or purge himself; therefore, the fiscal, nomine offiocii, concludes that the first wife, Anneke Adriaens, must be granted letters of divorce and permission to marry another man, and furthermore that the fiscal and all other officers of justice should be authorized to arrest the defendant, Aert Pietersen Tack, and to confine him here in a proper place of detention, to be taken to the place where it is customary to execute justice, in order to be severely flogged with rods, having two distaffs above his head, and further to be branded with two marks on his back and to be banished from this province. Done at Fort Amsterdam, the 21st of August, 1664.

You honors' servant

Nicasius de Sille

Note that Aert Pietersen Tack was summoned to appear before the court on three consecutive court days, the summons being by bell in New Amsterdam and by drum beat in New Haerlem, further evidence that Aert Pietersen Buys of New Haerlem and Aert Pietersen Tack of Wiltwyck and Fort Orange were one and the same...

Was the sentence of flogging, branding and banishment ever carried out? ...This sentence is far more severe than most ordered by New Netherland courts. It is typical Dutch justice, however, in that it makes ridicule as important as actual physical punishment. Two distaffs hanging over the head of the bigamist in the public flogging place, two brands for two brides would probably have proved more lasting punishment than any pain inflicted. Many of the Dutch colonists were saddled with derisive nicknames by such embarrassments, event though, in many cases, the sentences were never consummated. Most of the few death sentences in New Netherland were commuted at the point where the convicted man already felt the noose around his neck. Inhabitants were to scarce and precious to waste, and the lesson was usually learned

In Aert's case, records indicate that he continued living in New Haerlem in succeeding years; either the banishment was not carried out or he was later able to return. Quite possibly the sentence was interrupted by the circumstances of the times. About two weeks after Annetje was granted her divorce, English warships sailed into Manhattan's harbor and seized control of the colony, changing its name to New York. One can well imagine that, under such conditions, little matters like the punishment of a bigamist may have gotten lost in the general turmoil.

Perhaps Annetje was one of those who took the news of the capitulation to the English back up the North River (Hudson) to Wiltwyck. Certainly, it was fortunate for her that she secured the dissolution of the marriage when she did. There were few cases of divorce in the Dutch period, but she almost certainly would have been doomed to spend the rest of her life without a husband or living in sin (intolerable in that society), if she had depended upon the English legal system to release her. We can assume from the foregoing record that she had already chosen her second mate, Jacob Jansen van Etten, although their marriage did not take place until 11 Jan., 1665, the bans having been published 28 December and 4 and 11 January.

The fall was filled with further problems for them. Again she had trouble paying harvest workers. Jacob tried to help by going to work for the big landowner, Thomas Chambers but the court decided that he was not her servant to hire out, but Aert's, so that his wages were taken to help pay the latter's debts. 21 October found him suing again for some share of Tack's estate in compensation for two years of unpaid labor. In a suit that against him in November, he admits the debt but explains that he has been ill of fever and he pleads to be given time to collect his back wages from the estate before payment is required.

For a detailed account of the courts's sale of A.P. Tack's property, see pages 57 through 65 of the 'Kuykendall Families of America" Vol. 1... Tack's effects were less conspicuous for luxuries and more oriented to agricultural pursuits.

From the long list of Aert's belongings, Annetje was allowed to keep just 'a chest with old things,' and three or four items such as such as a pair of tongs, a dinner dish, a blanket and an old bed. Perhaps the bed found a place in her shop, as the dwelling was sold with everything else.

...As for Aert Pietersen Tack-Buys himself, he seems to have continued up to his old tricks. The 'Court Minutes of New Amsterdam' show that Niclaas de Meyer prosecuted an attachment against his goods on June 20, 1665, indicating that the property was located in New Harlem. He proves that A.P. Buys had executed a paper on 19 June, 1664, proving his indebtedness, and, Nicolaas is protesting that the village is putting their own claims against Tack's property before his. A.P. Buys had been a farm tenant of de Meyer's and apparently had absconded with some property while also in arrears for rent as well as in debt to the town.

Perhaps he had departed abruptly from New Harlem at the time that he was sentenced for bigamy the preceding summer. However, he was back in Harlem records in Oct., 1671, when he leased a farm at Frodam. In 1688, Elijah Barton was reported to be dwelling in a house formerly occupied by Aert Pertersen on the Manor of Fordam. " (57, pages 98-110)
-------------------------
From Olde Ulster Magazine

ONE of the famous regions of Europe was known by the name of Brabant as far back as the days of Julius Caesar. During the Middle Ages it was under the dominion of the Duke of Brabant. After the rise of the Dutch Republic it became part of the kingdom of the Netherlands and so remained until 1830 when South Brabant was separated from North Brabant and given to Belgium.

Brabant is now divided into three provinces; North Brabant belonging to the Netherlands; Antwerp belonging to Belgium and South Brabant to t he same kingdom. The inhabitants of North Brabant speak the Dutch language; those of Antwerp the Flemish and those of South Brabant the Walloon French.

From the earliest settlement of the Esopus this name of Brabant was given to the lowlands along the Esopus creek on its west side opposite to and north of Kingston. The name has almost disappeared from local usage; its last survival being in the corporate name of the road of Belgian bridge stone tracks which was called "The Brabant Plank Road."

After the death of Johan de Hulter, his widow in 1657 was granted the tract of one thousand acres of land which her husband had purchased in 1654 of the Indians. This land lay on both sides of the Esopus creek and largely on the west, or Brabant side of the stream.

Among the earliest settlers was a man who was known as "Jan the Brabanter." He was an early owner of one of the lots in the stockaded village. He appears as a corporal at the time of what is known as "The Esopus Mutiny."

He subscribed fifteen florins to the salary of Domine Blom in 1661 and about this time was in law with Aert Pietersen Tach. At the Indian attack when the villages of Wildwyck and Nieuw Dorp (Hurley) were destroyed June 7th, 1663, Tach's house was burned and Tach disappeared.

It is thought that he was killed by the Natives. At least he was never heard of afterwards. His creditors called for an administration of his estate and among those who presented claims was Jacob Jansen, of Etten (van Etten). Etten is a village in North Brabant, six miles from Breda, where, in 1667, the famous "Treaty of Breda" was signed by which England acquired title to this province and New Netherland became New York.

It cannot now be determined if Jan the Brabanter and "Jacob Jansen, of Etten," were the same individual, but they seem to have been. In the court records Jacob Jansen is called "the head farmer" of Tach. The claim was presented on October 21st, 1664, and allowed. It was for "338 guilders heavy money in wheat."

But before the final settlement of the estate Jacob Jansen had been prosecuting another claim and married the widow. The record says "Jacob Jansen, young man of Etten in Brabant, to Annetje Arians of Amsterdam (van Amsterdam)." A little later his name appears on a petition that a minister be sent to Kingston and is there signed "Jacob Johnson van Eten."

He was here as early, in all probability, as 1658. From this union of Jacob Jansen and the widow of Aert Pietersen Tach has sprung the widely distributed Van Etten family. Jacob Jansen Van Etten was one of those who signed the petition for the control of local affairs on January 26th, 1684, mentioned in OLDE ULSTER, Vol. II., pages 257-62, which so angered Governor Thomas Dongan that all the signers were arrested and fined.

Of the above sons, Jan and Arien resided and died in Ulster county. Pieter and Jacobus removed to Dutchess county about the year 1720-1721. Emanuel moved to Warren county, New Jersey, about the year 1715.
Annetje's first family
Annetje and Aaert were married about 1663 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. They had a son and a daughter, named Cornelis and Grietje.

Children
Cornelis TackCornelis was born in August 1661.

Grietje Aartse TackGrietje was born on August 16th, 1663 in Kingston, Ulster County, New York.
Annetje's second family
Annetje and Jacob were married on January 11th, 1665. They had five sons and five daughters, named Jan, Arien, Petrus, Emanuel, Jacobus, Sytie, Pieternella, Heiltje, Tryntie and Geestje.

Children
Jan Van EttenJan was born in 1666 in Ulster County, New York and his baptism took place on January 3rd, 1666 in Kingston, Ulster County, New York.1
Birth Notes
Maybe born in 1665
He died at the age of 65 in 1731 in Ulster County, New York.

Sytie Jacobz Jansen van EttenSytie was born on March 25th, 1668 in Kingston, Ulster County, New York.1 She died in New York.

Arien van EttenArien was born on June 26th, 1670 in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York.1 He died at the age of 32 in 1702 in Ulster County, New York.

Petrus Jacobszen van EttenPetrus was born in 1672 in Hurley, Ulster County, New York. He died in Kingston, Ulster County, New York.

Pieternella van EttenPieternella was born in 1675 in Marbletown, Ulster, New York. She died at the age of 61 in 1736.

Heiltje van EttenHeiltje was born on April 2nd, 1679 in Marbletown, Ulster, New York.1 She died at the age of 43 in 1722 in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York.

Emanuel van EttenEmanuel was born on December 29th, 1681 in Marbletown, Ulster, New York.1

Tryntie van EttenTryntie was born about February 24th, 1683 in Marbletown, Ulster, New York.1 She died about March 5th, 1725 in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York.

Jacobus Jacobszen van EttenJacobus was born on May 2nd, 1686 in Kingston, Ulster County, New York.1 He died at the age of 72 on December 31st, 1758 in Rhinebeck Flats, Ulster County, New York.

Geestje Gertrude van EttenGeestje was born on December 25th, 1688 in Hurley, Ulster County, New York.1
1 Baptismal Records, Old Dutch Church of Kingston, Ulster Co., NY, 1660-1809

View the entire genealogy report of Adriaensen families, or surname index of Adriaensen pedigrees or report summary Adriaensen heritage from Families of Webster, Bachman, Van Valkenburg, McCall, etc. .Genogram Rules.

Copyright © 2007 GenoPro Inc. All rights reserved. 		Tack, Aert Pietersen (I32168)
 
1015 Anno 1728 Döbte
Lang=Fredag
Provsten Welærwærdige Hr.
Anders Daaes Sön til Daab
kaldet Gierhard. Testeris
Hr. Jens Garman Hr Capi-
tain Tönder Dagrunn? Mads
Hansen Tælbÿe. Madam
Dorothea Blix og Mademo:
Anna Heiberg - 5
Kilde:
https://media.digitalarkivet.no/view/11752/6
Skannede kirkebøker
Sogn og Fjordane
Vik / Vik: 1727-1740, Ministerialbok
Kronologisk liste 1728 (005)
Folio 6 		Daae, Gert (Gerhard) (I39540)
 
1016 Anthon was the 3rd son of Johannes Magnus. He became a jeweler and emigrated to the United States, settling in Providence Rhode Island in 1850. Anthon established himself as a jeweler there and is listed as such in the city directories beginning in 1852. In 1854 he shares the same address with Charles (Carl) Enborn, another jeweler. Charles is not found in subsequent Providence directories, so it appears he died abt 1855. Anthon married Charles' daughter Augusta T Enborn in 1855. He ran his jewelry business in Providence until his death in 1898. His sister Marie emigrated to Wisconsin in 1870, during which time they exchanged letters. Marie's husband Mads also mentioned Anton in the diary he kept during their journey. Magnus, Anthon Johan (I2082)
 
1017 ANTHONY WADDY STREET: Anthony volunteered a private in the Revolution War and was a Colonel at the end of the war.
DAR Patriot Index:
"STREET: Anthony: b. 10-16-1741 VA d. 1-22-1809 VA M (1) Mary (Molly) Stokes (2) Mary GrayCapt. CS VA
"Appointed by the governor of Virginia as one of the Gentleman Justices of the County Court not long after David Stokes, father of Mary, was appointed. He appears to have dropped the Waddy from his name soon after settling in Lunenburg Co. In 1772 Anthony Street was appointed to be a Captain of a Foot Company of the County Militia and served in that capacity throughout the Revolution. He and Molly had eight children; six boys and two girls. Their eldestson, Waddy Street, commanded the Lunenburg Co. Regiment as a Lieutenant Colonel during the War of 1812, but I think this must have been a paper command, only!. The second child and son was named David Street.
Molly died November of 1802 when their youngest child was about 19 years old. The next spring Old Anthony set out to find a new wife. That fall he came riding back, and bringing his new bride, a much younger woman named Mary (Polly) Gray. Polly bore him four sons in the six years that they were married. Anthony wrote his will on 1 January 1809 and died on 22 January of that year.

In the mid 1780's he served on term in the Virginia Legislature and about 1792 he was commissioned a Lieutenant Colonel in the Militia and made Commandant of the Lunenburg Co. Militia. After that he was called Colonel Street." Excerpt taken from a letter published in Street Family newsletter Winter 2000-2001. 		Street, Anthony Waddy (I38069)
 
1018 Anthony Walke
Born in 1692, was a son of Thomas Walke, who came from Barbadoes to Lower Norfolk county in 1662, by Mary, his wife, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Anthony Lawson. He lived at "Fairfield," in Princess Anne county. He was justice for Princess Anne, and a member of the house of burgesses from 1720 to 1765. He married three times, (first) Mary Sanford; (second) Elizabeth Newton; (third) Anna Lee Armistead. He died November 8, 1768. IV--Burgesses and Other Prominent Persons 		Walke, Anthony (I51795)
 
1019 Anthony Walke, Sr. of Lynnhaven, Princess Anne, Virginia (1692 - 11/8/1768). He is buried at the Old Donation Church. Anthony Walke, Sr. was a very prominent man of the community (member of the House of Burgesses, Judge of the court in Princess Anne - he was one of the justices in the case of Princess Anne's one and only witch).

He married three times. His first wife was Mary Sanford. They married 3/11/1711 in Princess Anne. Anthony and Mary Walke had a daughter, Margaret Walke.

His second wife was Elizabeth Newton. They married after 1713 in Lynnhaven, Princess Anne. She died in 1724. They had no surviving children.

Anthony's third wife was Anna Lee Armistead. Anthony and Anna married on 4/4/1725 in either Princess Anne or Gloucester Va. Anthony and Anna had 4 or 5 children: Colonel Anthony Walke, William Walke, John Walke, Mary Walke and Margaret Walke. Anna Lee Armistead was the daughter of William Armistead (1671 - 6/13/1711) and Anna Lee (1680 - aft 1754) of East Ware River, Kingston Parish, Matthews County, Gloucester, VA. William Armistead was born at "Hesse" in Gloucester, VA, the son of John Armistead and Judith Bowles Robinson. John Armistead was born in Elizabeth City, VA in 1640 and died at "Hesse" in the 1690s. Judith Bowles Robinson was born in Yorkshire, Eng. in 1645 and died about 1700 at "Hesse". She was the daughter of John Robinson of Yorkshire (who died about 1700 in Virginia). John Armistead was the son of William Armistead and Anne E. Ellis.

This William Armistead was baptized on 8/3/1610 in Kirk Deighton, West Riding, Yorkshire, Eng., and died bef 4/4/1666 in Elizabeth City, Va. Anne E. Ellis was born abt. 1615 in Giggleswick, Yorkshire, Eng. and died abt 1660 in Elizabeth City, Va.

Anna Lee, the wife of the younger William Armistead was the daughter of Hancock Lee (who established "Ditchley" Plantation) and his wife Mary Kendall/Kendell. They married abt. 1675 in Northumberland, Va. Hancock was born abt 1653 in Northumberland, Westmoreland, VA. He died 5/25/1709 at "Ditchley", Gloucester, Va. He was the fifth son of the immigrant, Richard Lee, Sr. and his wife, Ann Constable Owens.

Richard Lee, Sr. established the Lee famiy in Virginia. He was born abt. 1608 in Nordley Regis, Coton Schrops, Eng., and died 3/1/1663 at Dividing Creek, Northumberland, VA. He married Anne Constable Owen abt. 1641 in Northumberland, VA. Anne was born abt 1622 in London, Eng. and died 10/6/1706 at Dividing Creek, Northumberland, Va.

Hancock's wife, Mary Kendall, was the daughter of William Kendall (b. ca. 1620, Eng., d. 7/28/1686 Northampton, Va) and Susanna Baker (b. ca 1625, Eng., d. ca 1680, Northampton, VA.). William and Susanna married abt 1660 in Northampton, Va. William Kendall was the son of William Kendall and Mary Leigh who were born in England and died in Virginia.

Hancock Lee actually had 3 wives. Mary Kendall was the second of these. The first was Martha Burwell, the third was Sarah Allerton.

Anthony Walke, Sr. was the son of Thomas Walke and Mary Lawson. Thomas Walke was born abt 1622 in Barbados (or he emigrated from England to Barbados ca 1622 from England). He died before 1/5/1693 in Lynnhaven, Princess Anne, Va. He married Mary Lawson abt. 1689 in Norfolk, Va. Mary Lawson was born abt 1665 and died in Lynnhaven, Va. She was the daughter of Anthony Lawson and Elizabeth Westgate.

Thomas and Mary Walke had 3 children: Mary Walke, Thomas Walke, II, and Anthony Walke, Sr.

Anthony Lawson was a very prominent man in Princess Anne and in Norfolk, Va. He was born abt 1630 in Jamestown, Va. and died 7/3/1701 in Norfolk, Va. He married 3 times. He married Elizabeth ??? abt 1650. He married Elizabeth Westgate abt 1662 in Princess Anne, Va. He married Mary Gookin 3/1671 (possibly this marriage took place in Nansemond Co., VA.) Anthony and Elizabeth (Westgate) Lawson had 4 children: Mary Lawson, Margaret Lawson, Elizabeth Lawson and Anthony Lawson, II. Anthony was the son of Thomas Lawson and Margaret Bray.

Thomas Lawson was born abt 1600 in Londonderry, Ireland. He died in Virginia. He married Margaret Bray before 1630. Margaret was born abt 1610 and died in Virginia.

Anthony Walke, Sr. was a prominent land owner and probably merchant. He was quite wealthy and had a very large estate in the Lynnhaven section of Princess Anne County (today known as Virginia Beach). 		Walke, Anthony (I51795)
 
1020 Anund, Swedish: Bröt-Anund meaning trail-blazer Anund or Anund the Land Clearer; alternate names Brøt-Anundr (Old East Norse) or Braut-Önundr (Old West Norse), was a semi-legendary Swedish king of the House of Yngling who reigned in the mid-seventh century.[1] The name would have been Proto-Norse *Anuwinduz meaning "winning ancestor".

In his Ynglinga saga, Snorri Sturluson relates that Anund succeeded his father Ingvar on the Swedish throne, and after his father's wars against Danish Vikings and Estonian pirates, peace reigned over Sweden and there were good harvests. Anund was a popular king who became very rich, not only because of the peace and the good harvests but also because he avenged his father in Estonia. That country was ravaged far and wide and in the autumn Anund returned with great riches.

In those days Sweden was dominated by vast and uninhabited forests, so Anund started making roads and clearing land and vast districts were settled by Swedes. Consequently, he was named Bröt-Anund. He made a house for himself in every district and used to stay as a guest in many homes.

One autumn, King Anund was travelling between his halls (see Husbys) and came to a place called Himinheiðr (sky heath) between two mountains. He was surprised by a landslide which killed him.

After presenting this story of Anund, Snorri Sturluson quotes Þjóðólfr of Hvinir's Ynglingatal:

Varð Önundr
Jónakrs bura
harmi heptr
und Himinfjöllum,
ok ofvæg
Eistra dólgi
heipt hrísungs
at hendi kom;
ok sá frömuðr
foldar beinum
Högna hrörs
um horfinn var.[1]
We all have heard how Jonkur's sons,
Whom weapons could not touch, with stones
Were stoned to death in open day,
King Onund died in the same way.
Or else perhaps the wood-grown land,
Which long had felt his conquering hand,
Uprose at length in deadly strife,
And pressed out Onund's hated life.[2]

The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation (continuing after Ingvar):

Iste ergo genuit Broutonund, quem Sigwardus frater suus occidit in Himinheithi,[3] quod loci vocabulum interpretatur coeli campus. Post istum filius suus Ingialdr [...].[4]

Yngvar bred Braut-Ånund, whose brother, Sigurd, laid him low in Himinheid, a place-name which means 'field of heaven'. After him his son Ingjald [...][5]

The original text of Ynglingatal is hard to interpret, and it only says that Anund died und Himinfjöllum (under the sky mountains) and that stones were implied. According to Historia Norwegiæ, he was murdered by his brother Sigvard in Himinherthy (which the source says means "the fields of the sky", cœli campus. Such a place name is not known and Birger Nerman suggests that the original place of death was under the sky mountains, i.e. under the clouds (cf. the etymology of cloud). Consequently, he may have been killed outdoors, by his brother and with a stone. In the translation above, Laing has made the same interpretation as Nerman.

Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar says that Anund was not the son of Ingvar, but the son of his grandfather Östen. It also relates that he had a brother named Olaf who was the king of Fjordane.

All sources say that Anund was the father of the infamous Ingjald ill-ruler. 		Ingvarsson, King of Sweden Anund (I36936)
 
1021 Apellone was the one who kept the dispute going. It is assumed that the aforementioned land is where the Thrngalleriet is today. Apellone Nilsdatter Koch meets in 1678, Guri Nilsdatter Berland from Gjestdal. According to Apellone, Guri Nilsdatter Berland at St. Hansdag had been in the treasury with Apellone's husband, Hans. Guri Nilsdatter Berland had arrived in Stavanger and was riding along Breiavatnet. Here she came out to Hans Olsen (Apellones srann) and two other small boys who threw stones at her horse. This probably happened near Skolebekken, because one of the conscripted wives had sat on the churchyard wall and seen how it happened. Guri Nilsdatter Berland fell off her horse twice, but she was no more injured than she got hold of Hans Olsen, whom she hit "and put him out in the Brewand on his knees". Afterwards, he was taken up and she "hit him backwards against the stones, so the blood flowed over his head". When Hans Olsen came home, he had a hole in his head and his clothes were bloody. Otherwise, she is mentioned on several occasions in the court records.

The property that Ole Gudfastesen and Apellone Nilsdatter Koch owned on Skagen was probably inherited by their daughter Sissel. Sissel was married twice, first to barber Albert Albertsen Libert, and the second time in 1700 to barber Ole Jacobsen Smith. The latter's brother, Hans Jacobsen Smith was previously married to Sissel's sarsterXirsten. In 1731, Sissel and Ole Jacobsen Smith's brother-in-law, Jens Abtahamsen Ploug, bought his parents-in-law's house on Skagen. The reason for the sale was that Ole Jacobsen Smith wanted to hide his two daughters' inheritance from their mother, Sissel. In this way, the old family property is transferred to the later SA known trading house Ploug & Sundt p5 Skagen.

Kvitsoy was called Cruys Inlet (Korsoy) by the Dutch after a stone cross that was erected in early Christian times. The stone cross could be seen from a great distance by seafarers and eventually became an important seamark. During a trip from Stavanger to Amsterdam, Nils Olesen decided to become a Dutch sailor. His name became from now on completely Dutch in and rned that he wrote about Nils ti1 Cornelius and the family name ti1 Cruys after the stone cross on Kvitsoy.

Cornelius Cruys career was founded on hard work and after his fifth trip in Ostersjsen he was hired by Baltazar van der Wort in Amsterdam. From then on, he had a rather tumultuous existence when, as a thief, he became chief mate of the East India liner "Prins Wilhelm", a "pinass" of well over 500 tons with 60 guns. Later, when the captain of "Prins Wilhelm" fell ill and died, Cornelius Cruys took over command. Cornelius Cruys was married some time later to Katarina Vooght, daughter of one of the directors of the East Indian Company, Jan Vooght. He continued his service as captain and after a while was appointed to war captain in the Dutch fleet. His closest superior was schoutbynacht (vice-admiral) Gilles Schey, second-in-command at the admiralty. Cruy's fifth mission was to ensure equipment after each new warship was completed. An English delegation, led by Admiral Herbert, came to the Netherlands and requested Prince William of Orange to come to England to save the country's religion and freedom. Cruys received orders for A dare flaten ready to sail. Without his connections in the East India Company, he would hardly have Wait A requisitioned all the necessary material.

Among other things, Cruys and his wife were bridesmaids when the tsar got married, a very large zere which was only awarded to the most distinguished persons of rank. Cornelius Cruys distinguished himself several times during the Great Nordic War, especially during the Russian conquest of Viborg in 1710. When he lost a ship during the attack on Finland in 1713, he was sentenced to death, but acquitted. The Great Nordic War ended in 1721 and the Swedes had to resign forever. Russia, the provinces Livland, Estonia. Ingermanland, a more specific part of Karelia with Viborg and Kexholm counties. On 21 October 1721, the triumphal celebrations began in St. Petersburg. In the Russian Senate, Cornelius Cruys was appointed admiral, vice-president of the Admiralty College and baron of Kexholm County, as well as given the title Admiral of the flag. 		Cruys, Nils Olsen/ Cornelis (I3534)
 
1022 Apparently born out of wedlock, because the adjacent page in the register contains record of public absolution for Svend's parents. Svendsen, Svend (I20953)
 
1023 Apparently word got out about Witcher's plan. One of the Clement brothers filed his will prior to the meeting at Dickenson's Store.

Will of Ralph Alexander CLEMENT, dated 13 Sep 1859
Pittsylvania County, VA, Will Book 3, page 340

Being about to go to attend to the taking of Depositions on the part of my Brother Jas. R. Clement where I have been apprised the other party intends to bring on a difficulty in which death may occur I hereby give and bequeath to my wife E. A. Clement during her life or widowhood all my property real & personal remainder to my daughter M. W. Clement with the right of making such advancements & provisions for my said daughter as my Said wife shall think proper. Should my said daughter die before she attains the age of 21 years my said wife surviving I give and bequeath all my slaves to my wife absolutely. My land I wish to go back to my nearest of Kin on my Father's side. Should my wife marry whilst my said daughter lives I wish her to own a third of my estate for life. remainder to my daughter. Given under my hand this 13 of September 1859.
R. A.Clement (Seal)
 		Witcher, Vincent Oliver (I14188)
 
1024 Appears as Joseph Bauleke in 1895 Minnesota Territorial Census. Census shows him in Ramsey Cty, St Paul Ward 9, at 38 Valley St., living with Minnie, both aged 27.

1910 US Census shows Joel living as a roomer at 152 Charles St., St Paul, Ward 8.

Minnesota Death Index, 1908-2002
Name: Joel Bauleke
Death Date: 7 Dec 1940
Death County: Ramsey
State file number: 026534
Certificate Number: 026534
Certificate Year: 1940
Record Number: 854134 		Bauleke, Joel Henry (I2137)
 
1025 approx. 1790
James Strickland came from England after the revolution with his wife and one son, James Strickland. James Sr. went to fight in 1812 in Louisana where he died. His wife wife went to find him and died also. James Jr. was raised by cousins. 		Strickland, James (I52214)
 
1026 Apr. 16 1683

To wife Ann Stone, for life, the house where I now dwell, all moveables, six cows, a mare, swine, and poultry; also rents from my houses and lands at Sudbury, now occupied by my son Daniel Stone; at her death my dwelling house in Cambridge to go to my daughters Hannah Bent, Mary Fox, Elizabeth Stowe, Margaret Brown, Tabitha Rice, and Sarah Hill, and the remainder she leaves to be equally divided among my sons Daniel, David, and Nathaniel Stone, they to pay to my above daughters 100 pounds. My dwelling houses and lands thereto belonging in Sudbury, I give to my son John Stone, for life, to be improved for his maintenance by my son Daniel Stone, with remainder to my said son Daniel or his heirs. Wife Ann Stone to be executrix, and brethren John Cooper, Sen., and Samuel Stonem Sen., to be overseers, and executors after the decease of my wife. Proved 12 June 1683.

(Middlesex County Probate Records, No. 21596) 		Stone, Tabitha (I18059)
 
1027 April 28, 1828
Page 455 - Minutes of the Circuit Court, Record B, 1822-1829
Age 68 on the 23rd day of Marach, 1828; Shoemaker; Unable to follow any business or labor.
Wife: Age 65, who is rendered wholly helpless by infirmity and a chronic disease of 25 years standing, where she has been unable to rise without assistance often.
Family: 9 children and 2 orphan grandchildrlen whom he raised, having all grown up and left him.
Value of Property: $35.12 1/2cents 		Jacobs, Samuel Priestly (I26262)
 
1028 Arent Andrieszen Bradt was born in 1616 in Fredrikstad, Norway to Andries Arentse Bradt and Aeffie Kinetis. He made his way to Texel, Netherlands and left for America on October 8, 1636 and arrived at New Amsterdam on March 4, 1637, most likely with his older brother Albert. He settled in Rensselaerswyck. He first worked at his brother's tobacco plot. He started work there on April 2, 1637, at f75 a year. Between 1638 and 1646, he sold tobacco van Curler and de Hooges. Years later, Arent ran a sawmill, traded, and may have owned a tavern. He often traveled to Esopus, Manhattan, and Long Island on business.
In the late 1640s, Arent married Catalyntje de Vos, daughter of Andries de Vos. They had a total of six children. In 1652, Arent moved to Beverwyck and was one of it's first inhabitants. He recieved full municipal rights then following year. He also owned a lot near the river in the north part of the village. In 1658, he leased an island on the Hudson River. On May 1, 1658, he leased land opposite of Beverwyck. In 1662, Arent became one of the first people to own land in Schenectady. Arent died in 1663 in Beverwyck, Albany County, New York. 		Bradt, Arent Andriessen (I10792)
 
1029 Arizona Daily Sun, 11 May 2017

Elaine Reed Ornes Mack, 94, passed away peacefully after a brief illness on May 6, 2017. She was born April 19, 1923 in Minneapolis, Minnesota to Chester and Jessie Ornes. The family moved to Fargo, North Dakota in 1940 where she earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology from University of North Dakota in 1945. She was a member of Alpha Phi.

She married Frank Mack in 1955 in Southern California and they moved to Flagstaff, Arizona in 1968 where they worked for many years as owners of Mack Corporation, a manufacturer of robotic components and automation products.

Elaine was active in Federated Community Church in Flagstaff where she served as a Presbyterian Elder and was also an active member of Laughlin Community Church in Laughlin, Nevada where they had a second home. In her later years, she became an active member of Desert Palms Presbyterian Church in Sun City West.

She was active with Masonic youth serving as Mother Advisor for all three of her daughters in The International Order of Rainbow for Girls. She earned her Grand Cross of Color as well. She is a member of Eastern Star Grand Canyon Chapter #4 in Flagstaff. In 1973-74 she served as President of the Flagstaff Symphony Guild and they honored her as Woman of the Year in 1978.

She is preceded in death by her husband of over 50 years and her three siblings.

She is survived by three daughters: Sue Manrose of Park Ridge, Illinois; Stacey McEnnan of Woodland Hills, California; Missy Whitehead (Jim) of Sun City West and Flagstaff, Arizona. She is also survived by seven grandchildren: Mindy Warick, Scott Manrose, Jaime McEnnan, Mollie VanderLaan (Jay), Jessie Helmes (Jordan), Carrie Polizzi (Mike) and Mark Manrose. In addition, she is survived by three great-grandchildren: Elle VanderLaan, Reese VanderLaan and Lydia Polizzi.

Services will be held Saturday, May 13th, at 10:30 am, in the Chapel at Desert Palms Presbyterian Church, 13459 W. Stardust Blvd., in Sun City West.  		Ornes, Elaine Reed (I3066)
 
1030 Arkansas Department of Vital Records. <i>Birth Certificates</i>. Little Rock, AR, USA. Source (S580)
 
1031 Arkansas Department of Vital Records. <i>Death Certificates</i>. Little Rock, AR, USA. Source (S1491)
 
1032 Arkansas Department of Vital Records. <i>Death Certificates</i>. Little Rock, AR, USA. Source (S1491)
 
1033 Arlington Plantation on the Eastern Shore, John Custis II
Posted 30 Jan 2023 by John Moore
An enigmatic sign along U.S. 13 near Kiptopeke says "Custis Tombs" and points to the west. After 25 years of wondering about it, curiosity finally won out. I turned onto Arlington Road.

A short distance later, Arlington made a sharp left, and I stayed straight onto Custis Tomb Drive, although not without some misgiving. It appears to be a driveway straight to a large yellow house, but the road, in fact, curves right around behind the house and keeps going for a few miles.

In 1891 a writer for The New York Times drove down this way to see the Custis Tombs.

What was written then still holds true, and I quote: "It does not seem possible that a hundred years ago this was a great plantation with a commerce of its own, but gradually the sites upon which large buildings rested are pointed out, although no sign of them is seen."

Today there is an unpaved parking lot outlined with tar-spattered poles laying on their sides, and a lot of grass. So much grass that it lay like hay on the path that had been mowed through the field to allow access to... a slightly greener patch of grass.

At this spot along Old Plantation Creek was "the most architecturally sophisticated house of the time," according to an archaeological report about the site, written for the owner, Preservation Virginia. The foundation lines of Arlington, a three-story house built circa 1670, stood out pale green against the hay, and upright poles marked the corners.

Some interpretive signs described the now-vanished house, which was built by John Custis II. A member of the Governor's Council, Custis offered refuge to Gov. William Berkeley, who was driven from the colonial capital of Williamsburg in 1676 by Bacon's Rebellion.

Supported by other Eastern Shore residents, Berkeley fought back and captured the rebel fleet that had come after him and resumed power.

"The clash at Arlington proved to be the decisive turning point of the rebellion," the archaeologists wrote.

When John Custis II died, the house went to his grandson, John Custis IV. The house was described by contemporaries as having "a handsome garden and fine orchard" as well as two cellars with plastered walls, brick floors and vaulted ceilings, along with at least three chimneys, three levels and garrets.

Arlington prospered until John IV moved to Williamsburg sometime between 1714 and 1721. The house dwindled away until now all that remains is a few bricks and some interpretive signs.

A box with a sign reading "Please Take One" was empty, so the meaning of small numbered posts around the site remained elusive.

If you're thinking that you've heard the names Custis and Arlington before, you have. John Custis IV was Martha Custis Washington's first father-in-law. After her first husband's death, she married George Washington.

Martha's grandson built a fine house on the outskirts of Washington, D.C., which he named Arlington House after the Eastern Shore site. Today, it is the site of Arlington National Cemetery.

The family plot on the edge of Old Plantation Creek is much smaller. Surrounded by a brick wall and shaded by trees, it contains two tombs.

The smaller one belongs to John Custis II. The larger one belongs to John Custis IV, and on one side is inscribed, "Aged 71 years and yet liv'd but seven years which was the space of time he kept a bachelors house at Arlington on the Eastern Shore of Virginia." 		Custis, John II (I47679)
 
1034 Arlington Plantation, John Custis II (1629-1696)
Along the south shore of the Old Plantation Creek inlet where it converges with the Chesapeake Bay close to what is now the quaint little town of Cape Charles, Arlington Plantation was founded on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. This special site is one of the most historic properties in our nation, yet its significance is little known. For many centuries this area was inhabited by native American Indians, until occupation by English settlers of this site and the area up to the Kings Creek inlet three miles north, Sir Thomas Dale established the first permanent settlement of English colonists on the Eastern Shore in 1617 known as Dale’s Gift. Here, half a century later, a plantation was founded by John Custis II, whose prosperity was demonstrated by the construction of the most magnificent mansion on the whole of the Chesapeake Bay. Apparently he named the plantation in honor of his family’s benefactor, Lord Arlington, although the name was possibly derived from the English village Arlington-Bibury, home to the first generation of the Custis family. More than three hundred fifty years after Arlington mansion first rose high above the waters of Old Plantation Creek, the name itself still lives on, engrained in the minds of all Americans as the land upon which thousands of American soldiers rest eternally, Arlington National Cemetary.

National recognition of the Custis name began when, in 1759, the widow of John Custis IV’s son Daniel, Martha Dandridge Custis and the heir to Arlington Plantation, married army Colonel George Washington when he was only twenty-six years old. As was the custom of the times, on his way to becoming the father of our country, Washington managed the affairs of his wife’s property here on the Eastern Shore. And in the paradoxical twists and turns of history, Martha’s great-granddaughter, Mary A. R. Custis to whom both Arlington estates passed, married another young Army officer, who would become, like George Washington, an icon of the American story. It is indeed ironic that Robert E. Lee would take reluctant command of the Confederacy’s Army of Northern Virginia which strived to split the nation that was hardwon by his wife’s legendary ancestor, its first President. And so the prestigeous Custis family, which founded Arlington Plantation on the Eastern Shore and Arlington Plantation on the Potomac River, links George Washington, the Revolutionary War and the founding of our nation with Robert E. Lee, the Civil War and the near destruction of the nation.

The name of the Custis family ancestral plantation, Arlington, lives on today in the American consciousness despite the destruction of its mansion more than two-hundred fifty years ago. In the early part of the nineteenth century, Martha’s grandson George Washington Parke Custis, who was adopted by General Washington and his wife as their son, built a mansion near Mt. Vernon overlooking the Potomac River. He called it ”Arlington” after the first Custis home on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and the vast lands surrounding his mansion became the National Cometary after the Civil War. The Arlington mansion on the Eastern Shore was abandoned sometime during the early part of the 18th century. Its ruins were pilaged and what was left eventually became buried in the farm fields surrounding its site, the only evidence of its grandeur that remained were the prominent tombs of John Custis II and his grandson, John Custis IV.

During the spring of 1987, an archeological survey of the Arlington plantation site near the Custis Tombs revealed sections of a brick foundation for a very large structure that was covered by a foot of soil plowed over a hundred years of farming activity. During 1994, an intensive archeological investigation of the cellars of the mansion was conducted. Eye witness accounts of the mansion dating from 1709 offer brief glimpses of its size, elevations and orientation to the Chesapeake Bay. As well, the beautifully preserved historic records in Northampton County courthouse provide additional sources of information about Arlington. A 1688 reference about a visit to the house in a lawsuit filed that year, is one of the first mentions of a separate dining room in an early Colonial home in Virginia. This annecdote substantiates the archaeological findings at Arlington which determined the house to be the most architecturally sophisticated house of that period, at least fifty years ahead of its time.

Such a large home, built of brick masonry, required laborers and materials and facilities for making the bricks. It is believed that the kilns for firing the newly made bricks are located 3/8 mile south of the ruins on a 15 acre tract of land that contains a modern two bedroom home and barn with horse stable. Behind the home, hidden in the forest and covered with the detritus of fallen leaves, vines and dirt are piles of old and crumbling bricks. That site is at the head of a shallow tidal pond that probably provided the water necessary for mixing the brick clay. 		Custis, John II (I47679)
 
1035 Armistead Brothers - War of 1812
From the speech by Rev. James E. Poindexter at the presentation of the portrait of Lewis A. Armistead to R.E. Camp No. 1, C.V., Richmond, Virginia, January 29, 1909 (http://www.gdg.org/Research/People/Armistead/armi st1.html):
The Armistead family, coming direct from England, settled in Virginia in 1636, and became a family of soldiers. Five brothers, three of them in the regular army, took part in the war of 1812. Col. George Armistead, the oldest of the five, defended Fort McHenry. The flag which waved over it during the bombardment, which Key immortalized as the "Star Spangled Banner," was long guarded as a sacred heir-loom by his descendants. It is now laid up in the National Museum. A second brother, Lewis Gustavus Adolphus, named for the Swedish hero, "The Lion of the North," fell at Fort Erie. Walker Keith Armistead graduated at West Point in 1803, fought in Canada, closed the Seminole war, and was, when he died in 1845, second in command in the regular army. Miss Stanley, who became his wife, was a native of the old North State, and so it happened that Lewis A. Armistead was born at Newbern, N. C., in 1817.

According to the War of 1812 Pension Application of John Lumberson of Baltimore, Maryland, he served under Captain John Armistead in a Battery at Fort Southwest Point at Kingston, Tennessee. The Battery received orders to go to support General Andrew Jackson in Florida and then the Battle of New Orleans. They did not reach New Orleans in time to participate in the battle. Their boat was intercepted and their orders were changed to go to Fort McHenry at Baltimore to help defend the fort. They arrived shortly before the last battle where the then Major George Armistead and his brother Captain John Armistead were reunited and defended the Fort with their units.
This information is from the records from the National Archives for John Lumberson.  		Armistead, Walker Keith (I44476)
 
1036 Arnold de Fine
Composed: Wann Mein Stündlein Vorhanden Ist
Source: Royal music from the courts of king Fredrik II and Christian IV.
Denmark: Society for udgivelse af dansk musik on phonograph records and videograms.
Listen here==> http://www.amazon.co.uk/Wann-Mein-Stundlein-Vorhanden-arnoldus/dp/B002RBCLK2
 		De Fine, Arnoldus (I906)
 
1037 Arnold de Fine, 1530-13 Nov 1586, was a Flemish/Danish organist and conductor, who from 1556 lived and worked in Denmark for King Christian the 3rd and Frederik 2. He is believed to come from Antwerp, possibly with the name van Eynde or von End, and died in Helsingør. He is believed to be buried in St. Mikkels kirke i Slagelse, because he allegedly possessed a beneficie there (løngivende but labor-free office).

His descendants occupied many public offices in Denmark and Norway, for example as priests, bishops or royal officials, and now known under various derivations of the name (de Fine Olivarius, de Fine Licht and de Fine Skibsted). Many of them bore the first name Arnold.

1556-1560 and again from 1563 he was employed by King Christian 3. In the intervening years he was organist to the Queen. In 1565 he got a stand in the Roskilde Cathedral (temporarily beneficie). Since the chapel after the Nordic Seven needed a reorganization was appointed to de Fine fifth June 1571 to the conductor (for the Royal Chapel), replacing Amsfortius. That same year he renewed his stand in Roskilde, and given his long and faithful service he received a 1583 kannikedømme in Aarhus. These fictitious offices (counsel or præbender) was a tradition from Catholic times, and the king used them as wages to his employees, without any ecclesiastical duties attached to them.

The following document from Kjøbenhavns Diplomatarium says that Arnold de Fine on November 24 in 1578 sheep ejendomret to a house in København:
"Wij Frederich thend anden etc. giøre alle witterligt, at wij aff wor synderlige gunst och naade haffue wnt, skiøt och giffuet och nu med thette wort obne breff wnde, skiøde och giffue os elskelige Arnoldus de Fine wor capellmester och hans arffuinge ett wort och kronens hus och woning wdj wor kiøpsted Kiøpnehaffn ligendis wdj Leerstredet wd med algaden, østen op till Claus Wit guldsmed, westen op thill Willom apoteckers stald, och strecker sig samme gaard norden ther fran lige emod thuende huse paa Amagerthorre, Hans Thuesen och Thommes Badskier iboer, huilcken forskrefne gaard osv. Actum Koldinghus thend 24 nouembris aar etc. mdlxxviij. Wij Fredrich thend second etc. giøre all Witter that Wij aff hau sins equal favor och mercy haffue WNT, skiøt och giffuet och now Thet wort obne bref wnde, skiøde och giffue us lovable Arnoldus de Fine hau capellmester och his arffuinge a wort och crown house och Woning wdj hau kiøpsted Kiøpnehaffn ligendis wdj Leerstredet wd with Algade east up till Claus Wit goldsmith, Westen up Thill Willom apoteckers barn och Strecker on the same farm north ethers fran just emod thuende houses on Amagerthorre Hans Thuesen och Thommes Badskier iboer, huilcken forskrefne yard etc. actum Koldinghus thend nouembris 24 years etc. mdlxxviij."

Transcription: We Frederik 2 publish that we of our grace through this open letter conveyed and provides our highly sat Arnoldus de Fine, our conductor, and his heirs one of ours and crown houses in our town Copenhagen located in
Læderstræde toward Algade (now Kobmagergade) between dragonfly Claus Wits house and barn Willom pharmacies and extent up to two houses at Amager Torv, where Hans Thuesen and Thommes Badskier live ... Signed on Koldinghus the 24th
november 1578.

One source claims that he is giving more from 1581 showed revenues of a little tavern and garden just outside Nørreport in Copenhagen.

As a bandleader, he had a boys choir under his special care. Of his contemporaries he is mentioned as a significant writer ( Hans Mikkelsen Ravn in Heptachordum Danicum ). A composition by him: Wann mein Stündlein vorhanden is
available on CD Royal music from the courts of King Frederik II and Christian IV at the publisher Dacapo.

Arnold de Fine was married 2 times: with Anniken Pedersdatter (d. 1576) and then with Barbara Hieronymidatter Knoff. His son of the first marriage Petrus Arnoldi de Fine (d. 1620) was a singer in the chapel. A son of the second marriage Arnoldus de Fine (Arnold, Arnoldii Arnold v. End) was a pupil of particular Melchior Borchgrevinck and was hired as an instrumentalist in the chapel 1603, but dismissed along with several other 1627 when the chapel diminished as a result of war events. From 1613, he heads with chapel instruments and in 1620 he stand in Roskilde.

Sources
* Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 1979 Danish Biographical Encyclopedia 1979
* Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 1905 Danish Biographical Encyclopedia 1905
* Fra en 12. From a 12th generations efterkommer generation descendant
* Skødebrevet fra 1578 Shot letter from 1578 		De Fine, Arnoldus (I906)
 
1038 Arnoldus Christiernus von Krogh, b. 1709, 1730 Fennrik, 1733 Premier Lieutenant at the 3rd Trondhj. Reg., died on April 9, 1738, at Ulriksholm in Funen on the return journey from France, where he had spent some years in the Campaign, b. 16 pp. M. in Kjølstrup Church. Von Krogh, Arnoldus Christiernus (I166)
 
1039 Arnoldus de Fine - Bishop of Nidaros (Trondheim, Norway)

Student from Herlufsholm 1634, Con Rector of Bergen 1637, 1639 Magister, Vice-Lector in Bergen 30 August 1643, Rector of Bergen 1647, Lector theology. 28 Mai 1663 and Vicar in Tab. He was Notary in the chapter in Bergen 5 July 1669 and 11 July 1671 Deputy Bishop of Trondheim with the promise of Succession "while he and thought to be the beginning Nordic Chronicles diligently perfect to terrible and from him deliver within two years in the past." He entered the bishop's office, by Bishop Erik Bredals died on 22 January 1672, was ordained on January 25., But died the same year the cathedral Sacristi. His historical works are lost, "but this loss - Suhm says - has the learned World ei great reason to complain, since he not possessed some healthy criticism." Of his work, it was particularly "Thomis Arctoa, Hafner. 1671" and "Observationes variæ ad Historiam Norvegiæ, anecdot." (The History of Norway to the various observations, anecdot) that led by Chancellor, count Peder Griffenfeld attention upon him and caused his appointment to Bishop, albeit Griffenfeld from reading the latter work was tired, lost patience due to its extensiveness and therefore at the end own hand must have added the following remark:

Arnoldus de Fine Scripsit librum sine fine Dabit Deus his quoque finem.

English:

Arnoldus de Fine He wrote the book without end This also will give the God of the end.

http://finnholbek.dk/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I48589&tree=2

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Arnoldus de Fine

Student fra Herlufsholm 1634, Conrector i Bergen 1637, Magister 1639, Vice-Lector i Bergen 30 Aug. 1643, Rector i Bergen 1647, Lector theol. 28 Mai 1663 og Sognepræst i Fane. Han blev Notarius i Capitlet i Bergen 5 Juli 1669 og 11 Juli 1671 Vicebiskop i Trondhjem med Løfte om Succession „hvorimod han och betænkt skal være den begyndte nordiske Krønnike med Flid fuldkommen at forfærdige og fra sig levere inden 2 Aar i det seneste". Han tiltraadte Bispeembedet, ved Biskop Erik Bredals Død 22 Jan. 1672, blev ordineret 25 Jan., men døde samme Aar i Domkirkens Sacristi. Hans historiske Arbejder ere tabte, „men dette Tab — siger Suhm — har den lærde Verden ei stor Aarsag til at beklage, siden han ei besad nogen sund Kritik". Af hans Arbejder var det navnlig „Thomis Arctoa, Hafn. 1671", og „Observationes variæ ad Historiam Norvegiæ, anecdot.", der henledede Storkansleren Peder Griffenfelds Opmærksomhed paa ham og foranledigede hans Udnævnelse til Biskop, omendskønt Griffenfeld ved Gennemlæsningen af det sidstnævnte Værk blev træt, tabte Taalmodigheden som Følge af dets Vidtløftighed og derfor ved Slutningen egenhændig skal have tilføjet følgende Bemærkning:

Arnoldus de Fine Scripsit librum sine fine Dabit Deus his quoque finem. 		De Fine, Arnold Hansen (I902)
 
1040 Around 1753 John Yates/Yeatts built the first blockhouse in the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia, now the Yates Tavern in Gretna, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This became a waystation on the much traveled Wagon Road to North Carolina, which corresponded with the Great Indian Warpath for much of its length. The blockhouse's purpose was to protect the Indians in nearby Saponi-Town and a nucleus of pioneer families of what became Pittsylvania County from hostile Indians, chiefly the Cherokee and Shawnee. Some of the surnames are Yates, Winn , Sizemore, Adkins, Shelton , Gregory, Tapley, etc. This documents that the Saponi had become "fort Indians" with many intermarriages with the Virginians and at least one of their towns was about ten miles NE of present-day Danville in the 1750s. In the courthouse records of Pittsylvania Co. you will find many taxpayers, slave owners and landowners who are also registered as "Indian" or "Free Colored." Most of these are likely Saponi.  Yates, John Estes "Of Dan River" III (I718)
 
1041 Around the year 1600, maybe a little before, Cort Jørgensen Coldevei immigrated to Norway. His descendants settled in several places in Norway, first in Tønsberg, later in central and northern Norway.

It is unknown where the family came from, but accepted that they immigrated from Denmark in the late 1500-century, but pretty much came from northern Germany.

The first period in Tonsberg
Cort Coldevei immigrant referred to Tønsberg around 1600. He was followed probably by brothers Jochum and Niels mentioned sporadically in Tønsberg contemporary sources. Cort Coldeveis immigration to Norway coincided with a period of prosperity for Tonsberg, mainly driven by a surge in timber trade and exports. Exports went mainly to Germany, Scotland, and increasingly to the Netherlands, whose low-lying cities demanded pilottering of the houses. For example. Amsterdam is said to have been built on Norwegian timber. Cort Coldevei found his career as a merchant and captain, and he mentioned several times in Tønsberg customs Register. in 1611 when he performs a boat with 10 lasts of salt fish and timber, and when Oluf Lauritsen years after sailing his boat with timber to Rostock. In 1624 founded his own ship, as the following quote from the Norwegian National-Registrants shows [Volume V, p 439]:
Cort Coldewers Grant got on a ship to use, not for strangers to Sold.
C. IV. G. ow, we graciously gardens exclude and granted this Letter Shows Cort Coldewers, Citizen and inhabitant udi our Kjøbsted Tunsberg that the ship which he now must have udi Building may be used and thus seek his nourishment and Bjering where desires meet him but he must commit not to Selge or dispose of any strangers. Sæm Eker on October 7, 1624. R IV. 337th Depr. VII. 163rd

Cort Coldevei be appointed bailiff in Tønsberg and include inter alia in shell accounts in 1627. He then rises up the social ladder and become good marriage, namely Anne George, a daughter of Prime Minister in Tønsberg Jorgen Lauritssøn. With her get Cort Coldevei least seven children, three sons, who are trading citizens in Tønsberg. Especially his sons George and Olufsen continues the family's prosperity. They married into local official genera and achieves both becoming mayors in Tønsberg in the middle of the 1600s.
Jorgen Coldevey is a successful merchant and skipper. Like other wealthy people, he puts his money in land, and in 1657 compiled his jordtilligende to 27 ½ hundred-weight, over 10% of tønsbergborgernes total land freight. In 1648, he is alderman, and from 1651 to 1656 (possibly to 1658) he is the mayor of the city beside the mighty Anders Madsen. Jorgen Coldevey marries Johanna Isaac daughter Falck, she also a solid local citizen and official family.

One of Mayor George Coldeveys sons Isach Jorgensen Coldevey , was according to some sources priest in Copenhagen. He appears not to Wiberg's pastor story, and when one Isaac Jørgenssøn Coldevin, Tønsberg, in 1693 disposes both Stavnum-farms in the sticks Ivar Franssøn, one must assume that he hardly has moved far from his hometown. It made ??some of his descendants in return. The eldest son George (Georg) Coldevin (1687-1754) was colonel and settled in the frost in Nordtrøndelag. One of his activities was to draw cards, and some of them are today in the University Library in Trondheim, including the 'Carte of Bergen, Trundhiems and North Highlands Districter' and 'Charte over Fraastenske Compagnie-District . He was the progenitor of what one might call an officer genus Coldevin . Another son, Morten Isachsen Coldevin (1694-1735), was captain in Tønsberg in 1720, but moved as a brother of Nordtrøndelag. He was given including son Isach Jorgen Coldevin (1724-93) who was ancestor of the genus Dønnes Coldevin . 		Coldevey, Cort Jørgensen (I16003)
 
1042 Arrival in America

William Phelps' actual family--myth and fact:
This particular source is the only passenger list that I’ve seen that actually lists the family members upon their arrival in America, but please understand there was no actual "list" of passengers. The "Lists" have been assembled from records of the people once they arrived in America using those dates found in other sources. (The house where the records were stored burned. Much of the erroneous information about the Phelps family's arrival in America probably came from the book "The Phelps Family in America" which was published before he completed his investigations in England; there was no wife Elizabeth. "Great Migration" is accurate.)

William’s wife’s name is given as Elizabeth in the passenger list. Fact: His first wife, Mary, died in Crewkerne 13 August 1626. Fact: He married Ann Dover 14 November 1626 in Crewkerne, but he arrives in America with wife Elizabeth...(myth) In “The Great Migration Begins” the author states, “In 1990 Myrtle S. Hyde resolved the problem of the identity of the wives of William Phelps…” , citing William's marriage record to Ann Dover in 1626 after his first wife, Mary died.

This wife Elizabeth is part of the myth perpetuated by the published "Phelps Family in America" where the author erroneously believed the Phelps colonists were a family from Tewkesbury. Many of the New England records, and the US and International Marriages records were assembled because of the information in this published Phelps history. This Elizabeth dying in 1635 (as his first wife), and then William marrying a 2nd wife in 1638 information was also perpetuated because of this published Phelps history. It was assumed to be correct information when it was not. There are no real and actual sources to support his theory. There is a real marriage record for William Phelps and Ann Dover marrying in Crewkerne 14 Nov 1626 a few months after his first wife Mary died in Aug. There is a source passenger listing for Anne Phelps on the same ship as William.

U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s about Samuel Phelps

Family Members:
William Phelps and his family arrived in Nantuasket, Massachusetts in 1630 aboard the "Mary & John". His family arriving with him were his wife Elizabeth; brother Richard; son Richard age 10 (1620), son William Jr; daughter Sarah age 7 (1623); son Samuel age 7 (1623); son Nathaniel age 3 (1627); son Joseph age 1 (1629); and brother George.
http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=pili354&h=1541342&indiv=try&o_vc=Record:Ot herRecord&rhSource=7486

This summary states Elizabeth was the wife/mother's name in error. There is a Passenger list that names Anne Phelps as being on this ship: Anne Phelps arrival year 1630 in Boston, Massachusetts aboard the Mary & John.

England, Select Marriages, 1538–1973 about Anne Dover

http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bi n/sse.dll?db=FS1EnglandMarriages&h=37742369&ti=0&indiv=try&gss=pt&ssrc=pt_t13693 691_p29326486395_kpidz0q3d29326486395z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid

U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s about Anne Phelps

http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=pili354&h=743437&indiv=try&o_vc=Record:Oth erRecord&tid=13693691&tpid=29326486395&rhSource=7486

BROTHERS?

The ship's list assumed that they were brothers and is part of the myth perpetuated by the published in "Phelps Family in America" where the author erroneously believed the Phelps colonists were a family from Tewkesbury. Stephen M. Lawson clarifies the relationship.

PHELPS-GRISWOLD From the files of Stephen M. Lawson

The Phelps Immigrants
"While there has been various claims about the Phelps ancestry in England, as yet no positive connection to any of the American immigrants (William, George and Richard) has been established. It has also been determined through Y-DNA analysis that William PHELPS and George PHELPS were not brothers and have no identifiable common patrilineal ancestor. The Phelps DNA Projectshows that the modal Y-DNA of descendants of William and George differ in 26 of 37 markers."

Here in the ship's list are William’s "brother", Richard, and his "brother" George arriving together. (Further search has shown that George probably arrived in 1634, a year later, on the Recovery.) In researching the cousins of the Phelps family, I see that the family line of George Phelps and of William Phelps both intermarry for generations into the Griswold, Pinney, Holcomb families and have many more family surname marriages in common, and also repeat many of the same family given names. This leads me to believe William and this George are probably related. Although the parents of Richard, William and George Phelps still remains a mystery, we are sure William is of Crewkerne rather than Tewkesbury. Several references to William’s "brother" George are made in “The Phelps Family of America”, but it was an assumption. DNA has proved otherwise. Of course, we can never know about Richard since he was never seen again.

About George Phelps, in the “Great Migration Begins”, the author leaves this comment:

ASSOCIATIONS: George Phelps of Dorchester and Windsor (not to be confused with GEORGE PHILLIPS of the same two places) may have been a brother of William Phelps [TAG 65; 165-66]. This George Phelps married as his first wife Philura Randal, daughter of PHILLIP RANDALL; he was also, in some manner as yet undetermined, an uncle of Elisha Hart, son of EDMOND HART. 		Phelps, William (I32941)
 
1043 Arrival in America

William Phelps' actual family--myth and fact:
This particular source is the only passenger list that I’ve seen that actually lists the family members upon their arrival in America, but please understand there was no actual "list" of passengers. The "Lists" have been assembled from records of the people once they arrived in America using those dates found in other sources. (The house where the records were stored burned. Much of the erroneous information about the Phelps family's arrival in America probably came from the book "The Phelps Family in America" which was published before he completed his investigations in England; there was no wife Elizabeth. "Great Migration" is accurate.)

William’s wife’s name is given as Elizabeth in the passenger list. Fact: His first wife, Mary, died in Crewkerne 13 August 1626. Fact: He married Ann Dover 14 November 1626 in Crewkerne, but he arrives in America with wife Elizabeth...(myth) In “The Great Migration Begins” the author states, “In 1990 Myrtle S. Hyde resolved the problem of the identity of the wives of William Phelps…” , citing William's marriage record to Ann Dover in 1626 after his first wife, Mary died.

This wife Elizabeth is part of the myth perpetuated by the published "Phelps Family in America" where the author erroneously believed the Phelps colonists were a family from Tewkesbury. Many of the New England records, and the US and International Marriages records were assembled because of the information in this published Phelps history. This Elizabeth dying in 1635 (as his first wife), and then William marrying a 2nd wife in 1638 information was also perpetuated because of this published Phelps history. It was assumed to be correct information when it was not. There are no real and actual sources to support his theory. There is a real marriage record for William Phelps and Ann Dover marrying in Crewkerne 14 Nov 1626 a few months after his first wife Mary died in Aug. There is a source passenger listing for Anne Phelps on the same ship as William.

U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s about Samuel Phelps

Family Members:
William Phelps and his family arrived in Nantuasket, Massachusetts in 1630 aboard the "Mary & John". His family arriving with him were his wife Elizabeth; brother Richard; son Richard age 10 (1620), son William Jr; daughter Sarah age 7 (1623); son Samuel age 7 (1623); son Nathaniel age 3 (1627); son Joseph age 1 (1629); and brother George.
http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=pili354&h=1541342&indiv=try&o_vc=Record:Ot herRecord&rhSource=7486

This summary states Elizabeth was the wife/mother's name in error. There is a Passenger list that names Anne Phelps as being on this ship: Anne Phelps arrival year 1630 in Boston, Massachusetts aboard the Mary & John.

England, Select Marriages, 1538–1973 about Anne Dover

http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bi n/sse.dll?db=FS1EnglandMarriages&h=37742369&ti=0&indiv=try&gss=pt&ssrc=pt_t13693 691_p29326486395_kpidz0q3d29326486395z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid

U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s about Anne Phelps

http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=pili354&h=743437&indiv=try&o_vc=Record:Oth erRecord&tid=13693691&tpid=29326486395&rhSource=7486

BROTHERS?

The ship's list assumed that they were brothers and is part of the myth perpetuated by the published in "Phelps Family in America" where the author erroneously believed the Phelps colonists were a family from Tewkesbury. Stephen M. Lawson clarifies the relationship.

PHELPS-GRISWOLD From the files of Stephen M. Lawson

The Phelps Immigrants
"While there has been various claims about the Phelps ancestry in England, as yet no positive connection to any of the American immigrants (William, George and Richard) has been established. It has also been determined through Y-DNA analysis that William PHELPS and George PHELPS were not brothers and have no identifiable common patrilineal ancestor. The Phelps DNA Projectshows that the modal Y-DNA of descendants of William and George differ in 26 of 37 markers."

Here in the ship's list are William’s "brother", Richard, and his "brother" George arriving together. (Further search has shown that George probably arrived in 1634, a year later, on the Recovery.) In researching the cousins of the Phelps family, I see that the family line of George Phelps and of William Phelps both intermarry for generations into the Griswold, Pinney, Holcomb families and have many more family surname marriages in common, and also repeat many of the same family given names. This leads me to believe William and this George are probably related. Although the parents of Richard, William and George Phelps still remains a mystery, we are sure William is of Crewkerne rather than Tewkesbury. Several references to William’s "brother" George are made in “The Phelps Family of America”, but it was an assumption. DNA has proved otherwise. Of course, we can never know about Richard since he was never seen again.

About George Phelps, in the “Great Migration Begins”, the author leaves this comment:

ASSOCIATIONS: George Phelps of Dorchester and Windsor (not to be confused with GEORGE PHILLIPS of the same two places) may have been a brother of William Phelps [TAG 65; 165-66]. This George Phelps married as his first wife Philura Randal, daughter of PHILLIP RANDALL; he was also, in some manner as yet undetermined, an uncle of Elisha Hart, son of EDMOND HART. 		Phelps, Samuel (I33117)
 
1044 Arrived on of the Mayflower, the Fortune, the Anne, and the Little James. Newton Adams, Eleanor (I42206)
 
1045 Arthur Fuller bought his first land in Granville Co NC in Oct 1752. Listed on Oct 8 1754 French & Indian War Militia Muster, Granville Co. Mar 11 1760
Lord Granville granted Arthur 422 acres in Granville Co in St John
Parish on the branches of Taylor's Creek. He continued to get grants
until he owned 1487 acres, by 1763 he had sold all land in Granville
and was living in Halifax Co VA at the time of the last sale which
was 226 acres on Cedar Creek to William Hendly of Halifax Co, Oct 6
1763. In Pittsylvania Co, this Fuller family operated a wagon train
as well as one of the first tobacco factories. Contributor: Judith Arnn-Knight
Email: jknight@boone.net
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~deschart/z0001313.html 		Fuller, Arthur (I19380)
 
1046 Article from 1912, New Light on George Washington pedigree by Wharton Dickerson.

He gives what he refers to as the corrected version of George Washington lineage and also some personal insight.
https://www.nytimes.com/1912/02/18/archives/new-light-on-george-washingtons-pedigree.html
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/02/18/100352073.pdf

Holder of Whashton-juxta-Ravensworth (*not* Wessington-on-Tyne, where Washington Old Hall still stands) in the 12th century.

TRANSLATION. CHARTA OF BONDO DE WYSSINGTON.

WASHTON YORK.

To all of the Sons of the Church, greeting.

Know that I, Bondo de Wassington, have given, and the present charta confirms the gift, the fees of Marring, which the Lord Hervey son of Acery gave my heirs. One half a carrucate of land in Wyssington [Whashton], and one toft belonging to the aforesaid territory. And this half a carrucate of land is given in pure and perpetual charity, free of all service and of any tax whatsoever, in plain, or meadow, or pasture, and in crop or in seed, or water, in any place belonging to said village.

Witnesses : Hervey, son of Ackery, Henry, his son, Robert de Lascelles, Gerard, his son, Roger de Ask, William, son of Bond, and others.

The charter is undated, but the names of Hervey FitzAcarius and Henry FitzHervey, of what was to become the FItzHugh family, suggest it was near the end of the 12th century or possibly the beginning of the 13th.

The last known subholder under this charter was Robert son of Eudo de Whashton, son of Bonde, a minor, circa 1250-52. By the end of the 1280s the overlords, probably represented by Hugh FitzHenry "FitzHugh" (he was the first to use "FitzHugh" as a surname), had reacquired the whole property. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/north/vol1/pp87-97

First proposed as "the true Washington ancestor" by one James Phillippe of London, who presented a handsomely illuminated - and mainly bogus - pedigree to President Ulysses S. Grant in 1873. http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2014/02/03/george_washington_a_19th_c_genealogist_s_false_chart_of_his_lineage.html

What Phillippe didn't realize, nor Albert Welles after him, nor anyone using either one as a source, is that Whashton-juxta-Ravensworth was not the location of Washington Old Hall and had no connection with it or the De Wessington family who held the Hall (for about twice as long as Bondo's descendants were able to hang onto Whashton). 		Washington, Lawrence Augustine (I47616)
 
1047 Arvet Fjærestad, Føli og Hove i Sogn, tils. verdi 502 Rdl. Eiet ved mannes død Hosteland 14 barn hvorav 5 kjent. I hans dødsannonse står 4 barn og i hennes 3 barn. En datter ble avertert 1810. Haar, Drude Catharine Marie (I39493)
 
1048 arvet Mellingen i Lindås etter foreldrene Daae, Anders (I39526)
 
1049 As an ancestor of Augustine Bearse some things should be cleared up re: Mary Hyanno.
Franklin Bearce invented much more than the Hyanno myth, serious genealogists should not perpetuate his "research".

Bearse
1. AUGUSTINE b.c.1618 Longstock, Hampshire m. MARY ____ d. after 1686 Barnstable, MA. Augustine supposedly was deported from England at age 20 aboard the "Confidence" which sailed from Southampton and arrived in Plymouth 24 Apr 1638 because he was a Gypsy of the tribe of Herne or Heron. The story goes that no Puritan in Plymouth would marry a gypsy because of religious and racial prejudices so Augustine courted and married an Indian Princess in a traditional ceremony at her village. They were given the best land in Barnstable by her grandfather and it was held by the family for three generations without a deed. He and his wife joined the church of Rev John Lothrop in 1643 which had moved to Barnstable and he was made a freeman in 1652. Austin was surveyor of highways in 1674.

Unfortunately, this story of Augustine being a gypsy and marrying an Indian princess came out of the imagination of Franklyn Bearce... This is first disputed by the eminent genealogist Donald Lines Jacobus in an article in The American Genealogist", Vol. XV (1938-9):

AUSTIN BEARSE AND HIS ALLEGED INDIAN CONNECTIONS By Donald Lines Jacobus, M.A., of New Haven, Conn.

A strange story was given circulation in the Utah Genealogical Magazine, July 1935 (vol. 26, pp. 99-100), concerning the wife of Austin Bearse, as follows: The evidence as to the identity of the wife of Austin Bearse is found in an unpublished manuscript, entitled: "Who Our Forefathers Really Were. A True Narrative of Our White and Indian Ancestors," by Franklin Ele-watum Bearse (a Scaticoke and Eastern Indian). This manuscript is a certified copy of an original sworn statement now on file in the office of the Litchfield County District Court, in Connecticut, and accepted by the State Commissioner in Charge of Indian Rights and Claims as an authentic and legal declaration of lineage. It bases its claim as to the identity of Austin Bearse's wife upon statements in the original diary of Zerviah Newcomb, who married Josiah Bearse, a grandson of Austin, and who wrote from personal knowledge of the facts. Her diary is called, "A True Chronicle of the Bearse Family." It is said that the above manuscript is deposited in the Congressional Library, and states that Austin Bearse married by Indian rites at the Mattachee Indian village Mary, daughter of John Hyanno, a Mattachee Sagamore, and son of the Sachem lhyannough who befriended the Pilgrims on their first arrival. In Zerviah Newcomb's diary Austin Bearse was said to be of the Romany or Gypsy race, and the name was originally Be Arce. He belonged to a family of Continental gypsies who had emigrated to England. There was great persecution; for some minor infraction of the English law Austin was deported to the colonies. On arriving at Plymouth, Austin was the only prisoner allotted to Barnstable. No Puritan girl at that time would marry a gypsy, as there were eligible Puritans to select from. It was therefore natural that he should marry an Indian Princess. Further it is said that Mary Hyanno was a lovely flaming-haired Mattachee princess. This story within itself is so improbable that a genealogist familiar with the place and period would hardly give it serious consideration, were it not for the two facts that it has been published in a reputable periodical, and that the claim of documentary evidence is made. The present writer therefore made an attempt to locate this evidence. The Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Litchfield County Conn had no knowledge of it; neither had the State Librarian, Hartford, Conn.

A letter directed to the State Commissioner in charge of Indian Rights and Claims, Hartford, Conn. was referred. to the State Park and Forest Commission, which is authorized to act as Overseer of all tribes of Indians residing in the state. An official of this agency has replied: Mr. Franklyn Bearse (Ele-wa-tum) has filed with us a copy of "Who Our Forefathers Really Were" which he claims is a true history of his ancestors. During the past two years I have spent some time in looking up the genealogies of families now living on the three Indian Reservations in the state and in a very few instances have found connections with the persons mentioned in Mr. Bearse's paper. In every case, as I recall, there has been no conflict and although we have no proof that his statements are all correct we have no reason to doubt them. Mr David C Means, Acting Superintendent of the Reading Rooms, Library of Congress, prepared a careful memorandum, which states: We find no record of a diary of Zerviah Newcomb Bearse in our collections. We do have in the Rare Book Room two manuscripts, both by F E Bearse. One is entitled "Who Our Forefathers Really Were," 1933 (CS71.B42 1933) and the other "From out of the past," 1935 (CS71.B42 1935). Both of these works say that Austin Bearse married Mary Hyanno, a daughter of John Hyanno, a full blood Wampanoag Indian. The Library of Congress has no means of checking the authenticity of the statements contained in these books. The memorandum further states that the 1933 manuscript contains an affidavit on the first page signed by Franklin Elewatum Bearce and gives additional particulars. The manuscript not bearing claim of copyright, it was possible to obtain photostatic copies of two pages. None of the agencies addressed had knowledge of the alleged original Zerviah (Newcomb) Bearse diary, nor possessed either the original or a photostatic or certified copy of it. Until the diary can be examined and its exact statements considered, it can hardly be cited as evidence for the statements made in Mr F E Bearce's manuscript account. The present writer must state emphatically that he has no knowledge of and is not concerned with Mr. Bearce's immediate ancestry, which is presumed to correct as stated. Our sole concern is with the alleged Indian ancestry of the wives of Austin' Bearse, of his son Joseph 2, and of his grandson Josiah3. Austin was born over 300 years ago, and his grandson Josiah died in 1753, nearly 200 years ago. Any statement as to their wives cannot therefore be based on personal knowledge, and any tradition passing by word of mouth through several generations requires verification from contemporary record sources before it can safely be accepted. The second page of Mr. F. E. Bearce's 1933 manuscript contains the following statement: The Following Historical and Genealogical Notes and Facts is A true record of our correct line of descent and is Based on Correct Information Handed down from generation to generation by my ancestors and imparted to me by word of mouth by my grand father William Henery Bearce [etc.] and the written Narrative Codgial [sic] of Zerviah Newcomb's Dairy-written by the hand of Zerviah herself-after the death of her husband by law Josiah Bearce lst at New Fairfield Conn. On the fifth page the pedigree of the first three generations of the Bearse family is set forth. According to this, Austin Bearce married in Summer of 1639 Mary Hyanno, born 1625, daughter of John Hyanno, Mattachee Sagamore (and wife Mary), son of lhyannough, Mattachee Sachem (and wife, a princess of the Narragansetts). This is a great deal of detail to be handed down by word of mouth for three centuries. What is actually known about Austin Bearse? He is named as Augustine Bearce, aged 20, in the shipping list of the Confidence of London, which sailed from Southampton the last of April, 1638. Most of the passengers on this ship came in family groups, and a large number of these families settled in Essex County, Mass. The name Augustine (of which Austin is a corruption) is, be it noted, a Christian name, in good usage in England. There is no evidence whatever that any of the passengers on this ship were deported criminals.

There is no evidence whatever that Austin was sent to Barnstable as a prisoner. On the contrary, he came to Barnstable with the first company in 1639; he became a member of Mr Lothrop's church 29 Apr 1643, and he is the first person named on the present record of those who joined the church after its removal to Barnstable, He was proposed to be admitted a freeman, 3 June 1652, and was admitted 3 May following. He was called Goodman in the records, bespeaking his good standing. He was a grand juror in 1653 and 1662, and a surveyor of highways in 1674. To quote "Barnstable Families"-(1888) by Amos Otis (vol., 1, pp. 52, 53), "He appears to have been very exact in the performance of his religious duties, causing his children to be baptized on the Sabbath next following the day of their birth........... He was one of the very few against whom no complaint was ever made; a fact which speaks well for his character as a man and a citizen." The wife of "Brother Berce" joined the church, 7 Aug. 1650 [New Eng. Hist. and Gen. Register, vol. 9, p. 281]. To suppose that a Gypsy, a deported criminal, and the husband of an Indian, would have enjoyed such standing in a Puritan community is absurd. In explanation of his marriage to an Indian, the story is told that he was a Gypsy and hence the Puritan girls would not consider him in marriage; yet his children married into the best families of Barnstable and Yarmouth. But would the children of the girls who allegedly stuck up their noses at a Gypsy, have married the half-breed children of that Gypsy and an Indian? Obviously, although the actual evidence is strongly in favor of the conclusion that Austin Bearse was an Englishman and a strict Puritan, and that his wife was one of his own people, it is not possible, until his wife is identified by record proof, to make the negative declaration that she was not an Indian. Unfortunately, any person can claim that the unknown wife of any early colonist was Chinese or Hottentot or Malay, and improbable or impossible as such an assertion might seem, it cannot be absolutely disproved until the real identity is established by records. The burden of proof, therefore, must fall on the person who makes any positive assertion to sustain it by evidence. No such evidence has been presented for the claim that the wife of Austin Bearse was an Indian, and until it is presented, it is the part of discretion to pronounce it unproved and extremely unlikely. The F. E. Bearce manuscript makes statements also relative to the wives of Joseph2 and Josiah Bearse, the son and grandson of Austin', and these statements will be examined as a test of the reliability of the manuscript account. It states that Joseph2 Bearse,. born 1652, married 1676 Martha Tayler [sic], born at Yarmouth 1659, daughter of Richard Tayler of Yarmouth by his wife, Ruth Wheldon, daughter of Gaberiel [sic] Wheldon who came in 1628 and his wife Margaret, a full blood Indian princess, daughter of a Wampanoag Sagamore, a younger brother of Massasoit. There are two errors of date in this statement. The birth of Martha Taylor on a precise date in 1650 has appeared in print, presumably from the Yarmouth records; and she died 27 Jan. 1727/8 aged 77 [Barnstable records in New Eng. Hist. and Gen. Register, vol. 2, p. 316], which also places her birth in 1650, not 1659. Her parents married on or shortly after 27 Oct. 1646, at which date Gabriel "Whelding" gave (consent to his daughter Ruth's marriage. to Richard Taylor [Plymouth Colony Records, vol. 2, p. 110]. According to "Early Wheldens of Yarmouth," by J. W. Hawes (Library of Cape Cod History and Genealogy, No. 43], Gabriel Whelden, born in England, first appears in Plymouth Colony in 1638, hence he could hardly have come in 1628 as claimed, for the very full records of that region and period did not ignore a settler's presence for a decade. To quote from Mr. Hawe's account: "His children were no doubt born in England and were probably by a first wife. When he died in 1654 his wife was Margaret, who, it seems clear, was his second wife and not the mother of his children. He apparently came to Yarmouth about 1639 with a family of grown children. He left Yarmouth about 1648." Another account is found in "The History of Malden" (1899), by D. P. Corey, p. 158: "Gabriel Wheldon, or Welding, who appears to have been a personal friend of Mr. Matthews, was with that minister at Yarmouth, and took the oath of fidelity with him. He came here [i.e., to Malden] with Mr. Matthews, and in his will calls himself 'of the 'Towne and church of Mauldon.' With his youngest son, John, he sold . . . four parcels of land in Arnold, county Nottingham. Essex Deeds, i. 24. This forbids the conclusion that he was a fellow countryman of Mr. Matthews; but from the apparently close connection of the parties, I am inclined to believe that his wife, Margaret, was from Wales, and perhaps owned a relationship with the pastor.", Further, as to Gabriel: "He died in Malden in January, 1653/4. . . With the exception of a legacy of ten shillings to the Malden church, his estate, valued at £40,11,8, was left to his wife; but the claims of his elder children caused a contention. . . . The widow, who may have been a second wife, returned to England. " She went back in 1655 with Mr. Matthews. Now since Gabriel Wheldon first appears in New England in 1638, and his daughter Ruth was married to Richard Taylor eight years later, it is almost certain that Ruth was born in England. Yet according to the Bearse manuscript, the mother of Ruth Wheldon was Margaret, an Indian princess. (Strange, how every Indian ancestress was a princess!) Did Gabriel Wheldon, one wonders, find the Indian girl straying about the British Isles? And why should the widow Margaret, if born an Indian, return to England with her pastor ? It is also to be noted that two independent students reached the conclusion, from the record sources examined, that Margaret was most probably a second wife, and hence not the mother of Ruth. No conscientious investigator, with any knowledge of conditions in colonial New England, could accept-the statement of the Bearse manuscript, totally undocumented, that the wife of Gabriel Wheldon was an Indian. The Bearce manuscript according to "Early Wheldens of Yarmouth," by J. W. Hawes (Library of Cape Cod History and Genealogy, No. 43], Gabriel Whelden, born in England, first appears in Plymouth Colony in 1638, hence he could hardly have come in 1628 as claimed, for the very full records of that region and period did not ignore a settler's presence for a decade. To quote from Mr. Hawe's account: "His children were no doubt born in England and were probably by a first wife. When he died in 1654 his wife was Margaret, who, it seems clear, was his second wife and not the mother of his children. He apparently came to Yarmouth about 1639 with a family of grown children. He left Yarmouth about 1648." Another account is found in "The History of Malden" (1899), by D. P. Corey, p. 158: "Gabriel Wheldon, or Welding, who appears to have been a personal friend of Mr. Matthews, was with that minister at Yarmouth, and took the oath of fidelity with him. He came here [i.e., to Malden] with Mr. Matthews, and in his will calls himself 'of the 'Towne and church of Mauldon.' With his youngest son, John, he sold . . . four parcels of land in Arnold, county Nottingham. Essex Deeds, i. 24. This forbids the conclusion that he was a fellow countryman of Mr. Matthews; but from the apparently close connection of the parties, I am inclined to believe that his wife, Margaret, was from Wales, and perhaps owned a relationship with the pastor.", Further, as to Gabriel: "He died in Malden in January, 1653/4. . . With the exception of a legacy of ten shillings to the Malden church, his estate, valued at £40,11,8, was left to his wife; but the claims of his elder children caused a contention. . . . The widow, who may have been a second wife, returned to England. " She went back in 1655 with Mr. Matthews. Now since Gabriel Wheldon first appears in New England in 1638, and his daughter Ruth was married to Richard Taylor eight years later, it is almost certain that Ruth was born in England. Yet according to the Bearse manuscript, the mother of Ruth Wheldon was Margaret, an Indian princess. (Strange, how every Indian ancestress was a princess !) Did Gabriel Wheldon, one wonders, find the Indian girl straying about the British Isles? And why should the widow Margaret, if born an Indian, return to England with her pastor ? It is also to be noted that two independent students reached the conclusion, from the record sources examined, that Margaret was most probably a second wife, and hence not the mother of Ruth. No conscientious investigator, with any knowledge of conditions in colonial New England, could accept-the statement of the Bearse manuscript, totally undocumented, that the wife of Gabriel Wheldon was an Indian. Finally, we come to the account of Josiah3 Bearse, son of Joseph2 and Martha (Taylor) Bearse. The Bearce manuscript states that be married first, Nov. 1716, Zerviah Newcomb, "By Whom he had no Children"; and that he married second, 1718 at Mashpee, Mary Sissell, mother of all his eleven children. She is described as a full blood Indian princess (another princess), daughter of Isaac Sissell, a Momenet Sagamore, by his wife Mary Tuspuquin, daughter of Watuspuquin-Black William, Sachem at Nahant, by his wife Amie, full blood Indian princess, daughter of Massasoit. Now it is true that Otis in "Barnstable Families," vol. 1, pp. 55, 59, states that Josiah Bearse married first, 2 Nov. 1716, Zerviah Newcomb of Edgartown, and second, Mary --, and that he had no children by his first wife. Whether or not this was one of the numerous errors of Otis, the Newcomb Genealogy (1874) by John Bearse Newcomb gives a different account which is repeated in the revised edition of this work (1923), p. 21 in both volumes. According to this account, Zerviah Newcomb. Daughter of Lieut. Andrew and Anna (Bayes) Newcomb, married 2 Nov. 1716, Josiah Bearse. He resided at East Barnstable but was dismissed from the church there 29 Dec. 1734 to the church at Greenwich, Conn., to which place he soon after moved. In 1738 they removed to New Fairfield, Conn., where he died 31 Aug. 1753. The inscription on his wife's gravestone reads: In Memory of Zerviah Bearss died Sept. 5th in the 91st year of her age 1789." The eleven children are then given, born between 1719 and 1741. No mention is made of an alleged second wife, Mary, and the children are all attributed to Zerviah. It will be noted that Zerviah was married in 1716, survived her husband, who died in 1753, and died herself in 1789. Josiah could not therefore have had a second legal wife. Mr. F. E. Bearce admits this in his reference to Zerviah "after the death of her husband by law." The story therefore is that Josiah Bearse either committed a bigamous marriage, or kept a concubine, and that in spite of this his legal wife accompanied him on his removal to Connecticut. Such a story cannot be accepted, and is seemingly based on an error, either in the book by Otis, or in an original record at Barnstable. Both offenses were serious in the eyes of the law, and although committed occasionally, ,resulted in legal action against the sinner and usually also in divorce. Yet here we find that the church, after the birth of many of Josiah's children, gave him an honorable dismissal to the church in his now home. This proves that he remained in good standing with his church, as had his grandfather before him. If the story were true, he would have been cast out of the church. The vital and land records of New Fairfield were unfortunately destroyed. However, the Danbury Probate records (vol. 2, pp. 43, 45 and files at the State Library) afford quite conclusive evidence:1 Oct. 1753. "Josiah Bearss & Zurviah Bearss are appointed Administrators on the Estate of Josiah Bearss late of Newfairfield in sd District Deceised." 3 Dec. 1753. ".Joseph Bearss son to Josiah Bearss Late of Newfairfield in sd District Decesd Being of Lawfull, age to Chouse his Gardian and having maid Choise of his mother Zurviah Bearss to be his Gardian the Court Doth allow and approve thereof ." Distribution of the estate was not made until I July 1791, in other words after the death of the widow (Zerviah Newcomb). This distribution of "the Estate of Josiah Barss late of Newfairfield decest"; was made to "the heirs of Josiah Decst who was the eldest son of the Decest"; "Thomas Barss the second son of the Decst"; "Martha"; "Anna late wife of Benjamin Stevens her heirs"; "Mary the wife of Gideon Beardsley"; "Josep the third son of the Decst"; and "Benjamin Bars the fourth son of the Decest." So! Are we to believe that the legal wife and widow served as co-administrator on Josiah's estate with his eldest son by a concubine? Are we to believe that one of the younger sons by the concubine chose the legal wife for his guardian, calling her "his mother," and that Zerviah and the Court accepted the choice? And are we to believe that distributors, appointed by the Court, distributed Josiah's estate after his lawful widow's death to his illegitimate children? Such preposterous conclusions are forced upon us if we accept the statements made in Mr. Bearse's manuscript, "Who Our Forefathers Really Were." The children of Josiah and Zerviah (Newcomb) Bearse honored their mother by names which were bestowed on the next generation; "Zerush Bearse" and "Newcomb Bearss" both, married at Danbury in 1778 [Danbury Vital Records, 1-442, 406). It is not our province to inquire why a later descendant prefers to disown Zerviah Newcomb in favor of an alleged Indian concubine, and to besmirch the character of Josiah Bearse by making bastards of all his children. Not an atom of evidence has been adduced to show that Josiah ever had an Indian concubine or secondary wife; and the records quoted above prove conclusively that Zerviah Newcomb was his only wife and the mother of his children. When in three successive generations, such claims of Indian marriage are made, in several details at variance with primary record sources, and involving an entire sequence of improbabilities, we are justified in concluding that this account, whatever its source, traditional or otherwise, cannot be accepted as authentic. Since the alleged claims of Indian marriage and descent in the second and third generations have been exposed as false and unacceptable, we have a legitimate basis for the deduction that the statement about Austin Bearse, the first settler, is of the same unsubstantial texture. In conclusion, a few general observations may be apropos. First: very few white immigrants to New England in colonial days married Indians; differences of race, language and culture were too great, and for much of the colonial period, relations between the European settlers and the native Americans were unfriendly if not actively hostile. Second: many traditions of Indian ancestry have been encountered, but such traditions have rarely been proved, and usually they can be disproved or their improbability clearly demonstrated. Third: some people do not wish to have Indian ancestry proved, while others like the "romance" of a remote Indian "princess" in the ancestral tree. The present writer has no bias in the matter, one way or the other, and desires only to ascertain the historic fact when investigating such a tradition or claim. Every person has a right to examine the historical basis for genealogical statements that have been published either in printed form (as this was in the Utah magazine above cited) or by the gift of manuscript data to libraries (such as the Library of Congress) where they may be consulted by the general public; and every person has the right to publish his own conclusions, based on such an examination. The present writer, in availing himself of this privilege, wishes it clearly understood that the bona fide nature of statements herein criticized is not questioned, merely their historical accuracy. There is also a discussion concerning this Indian ancestry and Mr. BeArce's credibility in an excellent article by John Doer: NOTES ON THE MANUSCRIPT "FROM OUT OF THE PAST" Several years ago, researching the Bearss family, from which I am descended, I became aware of the manuscript of Franklyn Elewatum BeArce, printed in Utah Genealogical Magazine, and a later response to it from the noted genealogist Donald Lines Jacobus. Although the claims made by Mr. BeArce seem somewhat outlandish, a number of Bearss descendants have given them credence, and continue to support them, particularly in the on-line genealogical community. Therefore I decided to investigate the matter myself, to see what might be learned using information readily available to me at the depositories to which I have have access, including the Yale University Library, the NEGHS library, and the library of the NYGBS. The undertaking then, is a brief analysis of the document, "From Out of the Past", by Franklyn Elewatum Swimming Eel BeArce, to see what light can be shed on the claims made within it. My sources are cited at the end of the document. Who was Franklyn BeArce? Franklin Bearce was a steamfitter who lived in Mount Vernon, NY. He married a Swedish immigrant named Marie (as her second husband) and they had a single child that did not survive them. Born in 1878, in Allegan, Michigan, he was the son of a butcher, Noble Bearce, and his wife, Mary Ellen Blaine. In his 50's he became acquainted with several families living on the nearby Schaghticoke reservation in Kent, Connecticut, and began to insert himself into their affairs. In 1933 he applied to the Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission to be certified as a Schaghticoke Indian, but after an investigation, he was denied. His interest in the Schaghticoke was undiminished, however, and in 1939, and again in 1940, Mr. BeArce organized "Pow-Wows" near the reservation, which were attended by several thousand tourists. The 1940 event was promoted by Mr. Bearce as "American Indian Day", and he advertised himself in handbills as "Chief Medicine Man" and "Chief Medicine Sagamore". In 1939, Mr. BeArce called a meeting of the Schaghticoke community and convinced the attendees to allow him to initiate a land claim before the Indian Claims Commission on their behalf, claiming the Bronx, Manhattan, and a large part of Connecticut and New York. BeArce volunteered to do all the work entailed by the filing and he was thereupon unanimously elected "Chairman of the Schaghticoke Indian Claims Commission" by all 17 of those in attendance. The claim worked it's way through the federal Bureacracy and in 1954 was challenged on the grounds that BeArce had no standing as a non-Schaghticoke. He therefore called another meeting, and asked that he be accepted as a member of the tribe in order that he might continue the claim. In another unanimous vote, he was rejected. The suit does not appear to have been renewed. Since the advent of Indian gaming in Connecticut, and the success of the Pequot casino at Foxwood, similar suits on behalf of the Schaghticoke have now been filed, seeking the right to erect and operate a casino on their land, but this time with some of the wealthiest names in the "hospitality" business taking the part of Mr. BeArce. So far, none have been settled. Of course, none of this either adds to or detracts from the document "From Out of The Past", and is not intended as an ad hominum argument for or against. It simply provides some color to the picture we have of the author. He sounds like a colorful character indeed. Proceeding to the manuscript he left, then, and following the suggestion of my esteemed friend Mr. A. Whitney Brown, of Greenwich, Ct, I thought it fruitful to begin by examing those portions which are most easily compared to the historical record. These involve historical persons well documented already. 1. According to Mr. BeArce: "My grandfather James G. Blaine was a son of John Blaine and his second cousin Elizabeth Ann Blaine. My grandfather James G. Blaine, was a first cousin of Games G. Blaine, American diplomat, and Sec of State and one time canidate for President of this commonwealth; There Their ?) fathers were brothers, and they were both named after their Grandfather, James Gillispe Blaine." "From Out of the Past" by Franklyn BeArce (unpublished) The historical record: Bearce's great grandfather John Blain was a half-brother to Ephraim Lyon Blain, (the father of James Gillespie Blain). Since it was Ephraim Blain who m. Maria Gillespie, neither the grandfather, the great grandfather, nor the great great grandfather (James Blain) of Franklin BeArce would have carried the name Gillespie. Franklin BeArce was related to the politician and statesman James Gillespe Blaine as a half-second cousin 3 times removed. 2. According to Mr. BeArce: My grandfather Blain was a studious man and a scholar; He was a slave owener at Preston,N.Carolina, and built wagons and gun carriages for the Confederate Govt, during the cival War. He was pauperized by the collaps of the Southern Confederacy, and come North, first to Whitly Co Indiana, where with several Negroes ex-slaves he bought land, and from there to Allegan Co Mich , where he lived for some years and lies sleeping.He married Nandachine Hoover at the Quaker settlement of West Milton,Miami Co Ohio. He was North Irish stock,--"From Out of the Past" by Franklyn BeArce (unpublished) The historical record: Bearce's grandfather James Blain was the son of John Blain, who came from Cumberland, PA and was an early settler in Noble County, Indiana. He never made wagons or cannons, either for the Union or the Confederacy, never owned slaves, was never rich enough to become impoverished, was not married in West Milton, Miami, OH, and in fact, never lived in North Carolina. His quiet life in Noble County near his family is as well accounted for as can be expected. The only time he "come north" was when he moved the 100 miles or so to Allegan, Michigan, where he lived near the residence of his daughter Mary and her husband Noble Bearce. His background: James Blain was from childhood a resident in Noble County, by trade a blacksmith, and at age 24, on May 22, 1855, married, in Whitley County, Indiana, Nancy J. Hoover. (In 1860 several dozen residents of Noble County, the Blains among them, petitioned for the township they lived in to be transferred to Whitley County. They were successful in this petition, and the county boundaries were moved.) He lived near his parents and brothers, and at the outbreak of the Civil War, the 1860 census shows him there, a blacksmith, his wife a "domestic" with a one year old daughter. There are no slaves or Negroes in the ennumeration district, and it's doubtful he could have afforded one, even with his wife working.His estate is 200 dollars. This is pretty damning for the credibility of BeArce. For a person claiming to know the intimate details of family history to be so wrong about the life of his own grandfather is astonishing, particularly when the grandfather was a neighbor. 3. According to Mr. Bearce: "The ancestrial history of my grandmother Nandachine Hoover, and her sister aunt Millie, were handed down to me by word of mouth of both these women when I was a young man, and verified on the back..." "Nandachine Hoover was a dau of Jesse Hoover and Rebecca Yaunts, who were both in the old Hillsborough district North Carolina; Rebecca Yaunts was a dau of John Yaunts,jr son of Yaunt-ka-ha , and Jesse was a son of John Hoover, the following is a true historical and genealogical record of my my grandmother Nancy Hoovers Indian strains, and the people involved, and is to the best of my knoweledge correct...." "From Out of the Past" by Franklyn BeArce (unpublished) The historical record: Quite a bit is known about Rebecca Yount and Jesse Hoover; they were the great grandparents of President Herbert Hoover, and both the Yount and Hoover families have a proud and careful tradition of keeping family history through the generations. Jesse and Rebecca had nine children before he died in 1856, a short time after the family migrated to Cedar County, Iowa. Rebecca lived another 40 years, well into her 90's, and never remarried, but reportedly adopted another 19 children over the years. She was a true family matriarch. The problem is that she never had a child named Nandachine, Nancy, or even any variation such as Agnes. In addition, all of her children and their marriages are accounted for, and none married a James Blain. Neither she nor any of her children ever lived in Whitley County, Indiana. This is not just a case of an unlisted child. Rebecca Yount lived to the age of 96, and counted her children, grand children, great grandchildren, and great, great, grandchildren as closely as a hen counts her chicks. She had nearly 300 descendants when she died and one of her passions was genealogy. She was part of a very close Quaker community, and the suggestion that one of her children is unaccounted for is not to be credited. Who then was Nancy J. Hoover, the grandmother of Franklin BeArce? A look at the Federal census of 1850 provides some clues. September 24, 1850, Whitley County, Indiana, No township listed p.4 547/565 Jesse Hand 37 NJ Farmer $600 Rebecca 36 NC David 13 OH John 8 OH Samuel 6 IN Rebecca 3 IN Nancy J. Hoover 10 IN Sarah E. " 6 IN Amelia M. " 6 IN David " 3 IN This is certainly the family of Bearce's grandmother, Nancy J. Hoover, complete with her sister Amelia, "Aunt Millie", who later married Moses Daisy. They are but a short distance from the family of James Blain. It presents a complicated situation. Apparently we see the union of two recently made single parents, each with 4 children by former spouses. A marriage record provides assistance: Whitley County Marriages: HAND, Jesse to Rebecca HOOVER on May 6, 1849 - Book 1:36 Jesse Hand is probably the son of Cornelius Hand of Kosciusko County, Indiana, but since we don't know the maiden name of Rebecca, her identity remains a mystery, as does that of her first spouse, Mr. Hoover. She is unlikely to have left us a written record, as both she and Mr. Hand were among the few adults over 25 years of age listed on the page who could neither read nor write. But we can be absolutely sure that she is not Rebecca Yount. Her identity is a project most appropriately left to her descendants, should any wish to honor her name. I can only add that she died at the Whitley County Poor Farm sometime after 1880, forgotten, it seems, even by her own grandchildren. Conclusion Mr. Bearce goes on with a lengthy and ridiculous tale of the Yount family history, and it's Indian origins, similar to the Bearse tale, and to relate it here would serve no purpose other than to amuse the very competent family historians of the Yount clan at the expense of the Bearss' descendants. Since Mr. Bearce emphatically states that he received this "true and historical genealogical record" from his grandmother and aunt, then we are faced with an unpleasant judgement. We can only conclude, bluntly, that someone is lying, either Bearce, or his grandmother and aunt. And this is no casual lie. The account he gives is elaborate, lengthy, and follows enough of the vague outline of historical fact to show familiarity with it. The liar would have to have had some knowledge of the Hoover and Yount families. Common sense would suggest that it was indeed, Mr. BeArce who was the liar. In compiling the manuscript he shows a familiarity with the basics of genealogical research, remarking that there is no Passenger Record for the Yount immigrant ancestor, (Not true by the way.). Had he been deceived, even the barest research would have alerted him to that fact. There can be little doubt that he was the perpetrator of this hoax. As to his motives, we can only guess. Perhaps he hoped to profit as a result of a land claim. If so, he was deluded. Even real Indians have almost no hope in that regard. Perhaps he was inspired by "Grey Owl", the Englishman who posed an Indian in the early 20th century, and toured the world pontificating upon the "The Way of the Great Spirit". In any case, since genealogical conclusions can never be ascertained with absolute surety, the whole endeavor depends on diligence and relies on trust. Genealogists have a difficult enough time correcting unintentional errors, and the study would be made infinitely more difficult were the element of deliberate deception to creep in. Therefore we must dismiss the entire BeArce manuscript with extreme prejudice. To repeat it as a "possible alternative" there is no doubt, is to join in Bearce's perverse fraud. Let us therefore list the "information" contained in this manuscript, and only in this manuscript, unsupported elsewhere, so that we can, without controversy, dismiss it once and for all: 1. The spelling of the name BeArce - this appears nowhere else. 2. The claim that Augustine Bearss was a Gypsy - again, nowhere else. 3. The claim that the children of Josiah Bearss and his wife Zerviah Newcomb were actually the bastards of a relationship Josiah Bearss carried on with an Indian woman. 4. The claim that Rebecca Baldwin, wife of Josiah Bearss, was an Indian. We can add to these additional claims Bearce makes earlier in his own genealogy, such as that Sampson May, the father of Anna May, wife of Elijah Rowe, was an Indian through her father, Sampson May, "a full blood Schaghticoke sagamore" according to Bearce. This Sampson May is listed in the 1820 census of Beekman, Dutchess County, NY, as "Free Black Male". Although Indians often passed for white, for varied reasons, it would be very difficult to mistake an African American for anything but that. These claims, and others contained in the manuscript of Franklin Bearce, the steamfitter from Mt. Vernon, deserve to be dismissed from controversy, removed from notation, and in general ignored. Further, it is incumbent upon those who propagate these claims to cite their source, i.e. the unsubstantiated word of a malicious liar. There are those who continue to pursue historical evidence to support these claims, for whatever reasons of their own, and they are entitled to waste their time in such an endeavor. I would only advise that as in all wild goose chases, whatever they come up with is subject to this basic rule of logic; proof that something might have happened is not proof that it did. I can prove a dozen ways that it was possible for me to have run the Boston marathon this year. After all, it was held in my region, others with the name John participated, my presence cannot be accounted for that day in my home town, not every participant was named on the rolls, I have a pair of running shoes, etc. Without some positive evidence that I actually did participate, these claims are meaningless. I hope this paper is useful to the Bearss descendants, who currently run the risk of being deemed the most gullible of genealogic researchers. This is not the legacy Austin Bearss would have wished for his descendants. Sincerely, John Quinn Doer" Ah... so much for an Indian Princess as an ancestor... guess we'll just have to keep looking in other places! Issue?I. Mary Ann- b. 16 Aug. 1640 Barnstable, m. Andrew Hallet Jr., d. 6 Apr. 1694 Barnstable ? II. Martha- b. 6 May 1642 ? III. Priscilla- b. 10 Mar. 1643/4 Barnstable, m. 1660 John Hall Jr., d. 30 Mar. 1712 Yarmouth, MA? 3IV. SARAH- b. 28 Mar. 1646 Barnstable, m. Aug. 1667 Barnstable, JONATHAN HAMBLIN ? V. Abigail- b. 18 Dec. 1647 Barnstable, m. 12 Apr. 1670 Allen Nichols ? VI. Hannah- b. 16 Nov. 1649 Barnstable ? VII. Joseph- b. 25 Jan. 1651/2 Barnstable, m. 3 Dec. 1676 Barnstable, Martha Taylor, d. 27 Jan. 1727/8 Barnstable ? VIII. Hester- b. 2 Oct. 1653 Barnstable ? IX. Lydia- b. 30 Sept. 1655 Barnstable ? X. Rebecca- b. 26 Sept. 1657 Barnstable, m. 17 Feb. 1669/0 William Hunter ? XI. James- b. 31 July 1660 Barnstable, m. 1684 Barnstable, Experience Howland, d. 7 Oct. 1728 Plympton, MA Ref: 1930 Federal Census Mount Vernon, Westchester County, New York Schaghticoke Tribal Nation v. KentSchool Corporation, 3:98CV-0113 COMMENTS OF THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT, THE CONNECTICUT LIGHT & POWER COMPANY, KENT SCHOOL CORPORATION, AND TOWN OF KENT REGARDING THE PETITION FOR FEDERAL TRIBAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE SCHAGHTICOKE TRIBAL NATION PETITIONER GROUP APRIL 16, 2002 STN Pet.: STN Federal Acknowledgment Petition submitted in 1994. STN AR: Anthropological Report Supplementing the STN Petition, dated April 1997, by Lucianne Lavin, Ph.D. STN HR: Historical Report Supplementing the STN Petition, dated April 1997, by Michael Lawson, Ph.D. STN TCA: Twentieth Century Addendum to the April 1997Supplement, dated March 20, 1998. STN TL: STN Tribal Leadership Report dated February 15, 2002. CT Ex.: Initial Submission of Exhibits by the State of Connecticut,December 2001. Town Ex.: Initial Submission of Exhibits by the Town of Kent,December 2001. May 23, 2002 2002-R-0517 SCHAGHTICOKE LAND CLAIMS AND PETITION FOR FEDERAL RECOGNITION By: Christopher Reinhart, Associate Attorney Biography of James G. Blaine (Norwich, Conn., 1895) by Mary Abigail Dodge "American Statesmen Series," James G. Blaine (Boston, 1905) by CE Stanwood BLAIN, James to Nancy Jane HOOVER on May 22, 1855 - Book 1:211 Whitley County Indiana Marriages 1838-1910 History of Whitley County, Indiana "John Blain and his wife, Elizabeth Blain, are the oldest persons in the township. John Blain was born n Pennsylvania, February 29, 1792, and his wife was born January 29, 1791; they were married in Ohio, near Chillicothe 1816, and have lived together as husband and wife nearly sixty-six (66) years - two generations - on the farm where they settled with their little children in 1836 - forty-six years ago. They are truly old pioneers." Federal Census of 1850, Whitley County, Indiana Federal Census of 1850, Noble County, Indiana Federal Census of 1850, Kosciusko County, Indiana "From Out of the Past" by Franklyn BeArce (unpublished) Federal Census of 1860, Noble County Indiana Federal Census of 1880, Allegan County, Michigan McLean, Hulda Hoover, The Genealogy of the Herbert Hoover Family, Revised and Expanded Edition Yount Family History: John Andrew Yount and Elizabeth Little, Pauline Moser Shook c1990. The Yount Family of Europe & America, Edith Warren Huggins, 1986. "A Brief Sketch of the Origin of the Yount Family in America", by W. C. Yount, Alliance OH and Wm. M. Yount, Warren OH, 1936. Mark and Mariah’s Family Tree-
 		Hyanno (Wampanoag Tribe), Mary " Little Dove" Wilder (I42105)
 
1050 As Charles Lynch Jr. grew up, it is reasonable to assume that his parent's activities afforded him an oprortunity to come in contact with law, business, politics, management of a plantation, military life, religion, and possibly a disregard for constituted authority, since the Quakers were not prone to pay homage to anyone as their superior. This last-named trait offers some interesting speculation which may help to show how Charles Lynch Jr. stepped so surely in with other American patriots of the Revolution. It is not known that Charles Jr. bad any formal education. Probably he was taught at home by his mother, and his father certainly could have provided his more technical instruction. 'l:hat few of his letters which have been preserved seem to indicate that he would belong to the planter aristocracy of Virginia, intellectually speaking. Of course, he would not rate with a Jefferson, but was above the average man. Little else is known about Charles Lynch Jr. in early life. The first time his name appears in print is in his father's will, dated October 9, 1752 and proved on May 10, 1753, in which Charles Jr. is designated one of his father's executors. Born in 1736, Charles Jr. was only seventeen at the time of his father's death. According to the terms of the will, Charles Jr. was to receive a good tract of land on the Staunton River, five slaves, and to divide the cattle and hogs at Staunton with his brother, John, in 1757 when the former reached his majority. The cultural background of his parents provided him with good intellectual potent1al and his physical needs and start in life were amply provided for in his father's will.

There is no doubt that Sarah Lynch governed the thinking and activities of her children altogether for several years after the early death of her husband. Certainly, they acquired her interest in religion and the Quaker Church, and Charles was no exception. Even though the South River congregation had been authorized to hold its own public meetings, there were sorr:e proceedings which had to be approved by the Cedar Creek Church until South River was granted an independent status. Accordingly, Charles Lynch and Anne Terrell published their intention of marriage the first time at Cedar Creek Monthly Meeting on December l4, 1754. Likewise, 1n good Quaker tradition, a committee was appointed to Enquire into the said Lynches Clearness and make a report to the next Monthly Meeting. The committee reported the following month that Charles was "clear in relation to marriage" and the marriage was approved. Charles and Anne Terrell were married on January 12, 1755 according to the prescribed form as reported by the committee appointed to attend their wedding.

Attendance at the Cedar Creek Meetings required some little traveling, for it was usually held in Caroline County. Nevertheless, Charles Lynch continued to attend various meetings throughout the next two years as evidenced by his appointment to investigating committees and for permission to sue for just debts.

By March, 1758, the South River community had begun to conduct its own Monthly Meetings, and Lynch had risen in importance enough to be appointed to attend the Quarterly Meetine, representing South River. In addition, he was appointed to take over the job of clerk of the Monthly Meeting, a duty which he performed for about six years and which involved writing the proceedings or each meeting in a journal provided for that purpose. Lynch's name appears frequently ln the records throughout 1758 in various committee assignments and as a rei:resentative to tr.e Quarterly Meeting. In one instance, he and several others were appointed to inquire into the failure of a previous committee to make a certain report about prospective members to the Society from Halifax. Lynch's committee was also a failure for several months, but eventually nade its report in December of that year and along with it, satisfactory reasons for the delay of their investigation. Such checking and double-checking on the assignrents of Quaker committees was not uncommon. Frequently there was delay in reporting. Always, in such cases, another group was appointed to investigate the failure of the first, but if satisfactory explanations were forthcoming, then nothine else was ever said about the failure. 27 The purpose of this illustration is to show further the lengths to which the orthodox Quakers went in governing the affairs of their members, as it rray shed so~ light later on the reasons which caused Charles Lynch to break with the church. During the years 1758 through 1763, Lynch was a veritable pillar of the church community in which he lived. Hardly a month passed without his name appearing in the records as a representative to the Quarterly Meeting, appointment to an investigating committee, appointment to prepare the Quarterly Meeting accounts, to attend regular Quaker meetings and assist them in correct procedure, to prepare testifications against other Quakers who were straying from the straight and narrow path, to prepare or deliver disownments to members who did not repent of sinful acts, to repair the meeting house and secure the title to same bylaw, or to perform miscellaneous duties of the clerk. This was the period of his greatest activity among the Quakers and one which it must be assumed that he entered into wholeheartedly or else he could have found ways to shun the various duties required of him. Several other men stand out as prominent members of this cornrr.unity, but in church affairs Charles Lynch played equally as important a part. It was not until the spring of 1?64 that the first clue appears that possibly Lynch was tiring of his church duties. The entry appears in South River records that Charles Lynch requested to be relieved from his duties as clerk, and one William Chandler was appointed to that station.29 After August, 1764 his name does not appear again to any assignment whatsoever. Possibly one of the greatest factors in Lynch's waning interest for the church was the affair in which his brother Chris torher was involved. No specific account of the charges brought against Christorher Lynch by his brethren is found in the Quaker records except that, "Christopher Lynch being in practices contrary to the principles of Truth" will be disowned unless he can give the meeting satisfaction for his actions, whatever they were. This entry was recorded on July 21, 1764, and although it, my be i::ere coincidence that Charles
Lynch took no active part in the work of the church after August, it is probable that he sympathized with his brother or else had been contemplating leaving the church for some time. The business with Christopher Lynch ended in October, 1?641 when the two Men appointed to treat with him reported that he no longer claimed any right or title among the Quakers. An interesting pursuit was begun in September, 1765 by the Quakers in their attempts to get back the meeting rapers and other business records belonging to the church which had been retained by Charles Lynch since he bad given up hie post as clerk. Boling Clark and VJilliam Candler were appointed to collect the papers and settle various other rratters
with Lynch. For reasons unknown, they were unsuccessful in their task. Several other men were appointed to the committee but each month the record shows them all to be unsuccessful. Almost a year later, on August 16, 1?66, 11The Friends appointed to settle the Meeting tusiness
with Charles Lynch report they could not get the accounts nor settle it any other way than it was. They are therefore discontinued till further direction. 11 32 Here the mltter ended, and it is not yet known if the records in question were ever collected.

October, 1766 brought on the final round with Lynch and the Quakers. The church entered a complaint against Charles Lynch for taking "solemn oaths" and justifying himself in the action. A committee was appointed to persuade him of his error and also to inform him that he would be testified against unless he rr.ade the rroper repentance to the congregatjon. In November the committee reported that Lynch had again justified himself for taking oaths, so several Quakers were designated to draw up a paper of denial against the accused. There are two events that may have led to the raper of denial against Lynch for takinr, oaths. The first occurred on September 23, 1766, when Lynch and two others were appointed by a Bedford County Court order to settle with the executors of William Boyd's est~te to see that a final settleirent of the will was made.34 Such an order rriay have necessitated taking an oath before Lynch could be approved for the assignment. The second event, although not recorded until Deceniber, 1766, by the House of Burgesses, could have occurred before the Quaker car.plaint and thereby have been its cause. The House of Burgesses resolved "That Captain Charles Lynch, ••• being ordered out on err~rgent Occasions, ~nd not havin~
Tirne to raise the full Complement of 1len to entitle him to Captain's pay, ••• ought to be allowed the Pay of a Captain for his said Services."

Lynch's commission as a captain being authorized ry the governrnent, may have involved an oath of alleginnce to England. Even though neither or the events cited are positive illustrations of Lynch's oath taking at this time, both ere plausible. It need scarcely be add~d, that hod Lynch not been disowned for tak1ng oaths, he certainly would have been for participating in the above n:ilitary campaign. Enlistirent in the army or other warlike activities were grounds for disownment by the
Quakers. The paper of disownment was drawn up and read to Lynch in January, 1767, by Eoling Clarke, one of Lynch's closest friends while in the church. Lynch was offered a chance to redeem hirnse1r37 but apr~rently never did, for the final statement in the records reads, 'ffllereas Charles Lynch having been a tr.ernber of the Soci~ty of the People Called Quakers & have Con~rary to our known principles been guilty of taking solemn oaths we do therefore testify against him all such practices and the acter thereof from being any longer a rember of our Society till it may please God to convince him of bis error and work repentanc~ in him by a Godly sorrow which is the Sincere desire of us. It is difficult to say precisely why Charles Lynch broke with his religion after spending about ten very active years among the Quakers
and having been reared a Quaker by his mother. Maybe his father's aloofness from the church had some bearing on his decisi.on. Certainly he was deeply concerned over the disown~ent of Chriotopher Lynch. It is also possible that Lynch develored some skepticism as to the value of Quaker passive resistance jn the face of Indian nnsaacrea about the countryside around 1?6o.39 He may even have turned the Quakers' own disregard of constituted authority against them, had it occurred to him that the church did a good deal of unwarranted meddling into the private affairs of its rrembers. Whatever his reasons, breaking
with the church caused him to radically alter his previous living pattern and enter a variety of activities which he could not have done otherwise.  		Lynch, Charles Jr (I37270)
 

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